An introduction to

Medical statistics
(L2 presentation of data)

By

Dr. Basma M. Hani

Lecturer of Public Health
Faculty of Medicine
Benha University
 DEFINITION
It is a process of putting
collected data in a concise
and comprehensive form
(table or graph or
mathematical form)so that
the eyes can grasp it easy.
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The main methods of presentation of
data are:

A. Tabular presentation.
B. Graphical presentation.
C. Mathematical presentation
(Numerical or Parameters).

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- Characteristics of the tables :
A table can be simple or
complex.
The tables should be numbered.
A brief title must be given to
each table.
The headings of the columns or
rows should be clear and concise.

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- Characteristics of the tables :

The data must be presented

according to its importance.
Table should not be too large.
A vertical arrangement is better
than a horizontal one.
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 Some examples of tabulation
are(types):-
 • Simple tables

• Frequency distribution tables

• Cumulative frequency
distribution tables

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The data is first split into convenient
groups or class intervals and the
number of items which occur in each
group (Frequency) is shown in the
adjacent column.

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The following figures are the ages of patients admitted to a hospital with gastroenteritis.
Construct a frequency distribution Table, regarding their age distribution.
8, 24, 18, 5, 12, 4, 3, 3, 2, 3, 23, 9, 18, 16, 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 31, 9, 11, 11, 7, 19, 6, 9, 5, 16, 20, 4, 3, 3, 3, 10,
3, 2, 1, 6, 9, 3, 7, 14, 8, 1, 4, 6, 4, 15, 22, 2, 1, 4, 7, 1, 12, 3, 23, 4, 19, 6, 2, 2, 4, 14, 2, 2, 21, 3, 2, 9, 3, 2,
1, 7, 19.

Table 2: Age distribution of gastroenteritis patients

Age (class interval) Number of patients (frequency)
0–4 35
5–9 18
10 – 14 11
15 – 19 8
20 – 24 6
Total 78
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In constructing frequency distribution
tables:
Determine the largest and smallest
numbers in the given set of data i.e. range.

divide the range into a convenient number

of class intervals having the same size.

Determine the number of observations

falling into each class interval.

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◙ Shows the total number of observations either
less or more than a given level of the variable.

◙ Includes:
* Ascending distribution tables.
* Descending distribution tables.

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:a) Ascending cumulative frequency tables

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:b) Descending cumulative frequency tables

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Criteria of a graph
The graph must be simple and legible.

Not more than 3, preferably only 2,

elements should be compared in a
single graph.

Thegraph should be a simple

summary of tabulated data.
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Types of graphs
1. Bar charts.
2. Histogram.
3. Frequency polygon.
4. Line diagrams.
5. Pie (Circular) chart.
6. Pictogram.
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 Bar charts .1
Bar charts are ways of presenting
a set of numbers by the length of a
bar
– the length of the bar is
proportional to the magnitude to be
represented.

Bars may be vertical or horizontal.

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The bars are usually separated by
appropriate spaces,
 the bars should be of the same width.

A suitable scale must be chosen to

present the length of the bars.

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Vertical Bar horizontal Bar
charts charts
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 -:Bar charts has 3 types

Simple Multiple Component

100 100
90 90 Males Females
100
80 80 Males Females 90
70 70 80
60 60 70
50 50 60
Percentage(%)

50

Percentage(%)
Percentage(%)

40 40
40
30 30 30
20 20 20
10 10 10
0 0 0
U. R. U. R. U. R.
Residence Residence Residence
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Figure 3.3 Simple bar chart (shows one variable in one group )of
hair color of children receiving Malathion in nit lotion study

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Figure 3.4 Multiple (Compound) bar chart of hair color by sex for children
Shows :-
One variables in >one group Or More than one variable in one group

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Component Bar Chart:

 The bars are divided into two or more parts which are

distinguished from each other by coloring, shading or

stippling.

 Each part representing a certain item and proportional to

the magnitude of that particular item.

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Figure 3.6 A component bar chart of
hair color by sex

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2. Histogram.

20
18
% of the population

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Age (Years)

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It’s a pictorial diagram
representing the frequency
distribution table.

As bar chart but with no gaps.

Can represent only one variable.

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Table(4): Grouped frequency distribution for birth weight of 30 infants

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Figure 3.8 Histogram of the grouped birth
weight data in Table 4

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 Frequency polygon .3
It is obtained by joining the mid-points of the histogram blocks

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 4. line diagram:-Line diagram are used to show the trend of
event with the passage of time.

Fig.(3): Infant mortality rate in Egypt during the period

from 1935-1985.
I.M.R.(per thousand)

200

150

100

50

0
1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985

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5. Pie (Circular) chart. The distribution of the component are based upon a percentage

Fig.(1): Distribution of the studied sample according to

their residence.

Urban
60%

Rural
40%

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6. Pictogram. Pictorial illustrations showing relative and
proportional sizes.

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 According to types of data:-
1-Tools to Summarize Categorical & Discrete Data
Frequency Table(simple table).
Bar Chart.
Pie Chart.
Pictogram.

2-Tools to Summarize Continuous

Data:
Frequency Distribution Table.
Histogram, Frequency Polygon

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 Mathematical presentation:-
Measures of central
tendency and Measures of
dispersion
 A-Measures of central tendency
(Statistical averages)

The word “average”:

Is a value tending to lie centrally within a set of
data arranged according to magnitude
 A-Measures of central tendency

1- Mid-range
2- The arithmetic mean
3-The median
4-the mode
1-Mid-range
a-Ungrouped data
=Largest + smallest
2
b-Grouped data
=Lower limit of first interval + the upper
limit of last interval
2
 1-Mid-range

- Used only with quantitative variables

- Rapid, rough and easy
- Not accurate
Ungrouped data:Weights of 5 Persons is 43,
20, 40, 36, 19 Kg.

Mid-range = (19+43)/2 = 31 Kg.

- Used only with quantitative variables
- Rapid, rough and easy.
- Not accurate.

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 Example

The following table include the weight of 14

children calculate the mid-range
Weight Frequency
30- 3
35- 5
40- 4
45-50 2
Total 14

Mid-range=30+50 =40 Kg
2
2) The Arithmetic mean:
Is the sum of the values in a set of data divided
by the number of the values in the set. It is
denoted by the sign X (called X bar).
X= ∑x
n
X denotes any value of an observation
∑ means sum
n means number of observations
*The advantages of the mean
1- Easy to calculate
2- Easy to understand

*The disadvantages of the mean is that

sometimes may be affected by abnormal
values in the distribuation
Example
The diastolic blood pressure of 5
individuals was
83, 75, 81, 79, 72 mmHg calculate the
mean
X= ∑x
n
=390 = 78 mmHg
5
3-The median
It is the central value of a set of observations
when those observations are arranged in order
of magnitude
A-Measures of central tendency
 To obtain the median
a- The data is first arranged in an ascending or
descending order of magnitude
b- If the number of set is odd, the median is the value
N+1
2
c- If the number of set is even, the middle values are
N and N +1 and the mean of which is taken as
median
2 2
Example
The diastolic blood pressure of 9 individuals was
83, 75, 81, 79, 71, 95, 75, 77, 84 calculate the
median
first we arrange the data
71, 75, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 95
The number of set is odd
Median= N+1 = 9+1 =5
2 2
So the median is value number 5 in the set of
data=79
Example
 The diastolic blood pressure of 10 individuals was
83, 75, 81, 79, 71, 95, 75, 77, 84, 90 calculate the median
first we arrange the data
71, 75, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 90, 95
The number of set is even so, the middle values are
N =10 =5 and N +1= 10 +1 =6
2 2 2 2
The median is average of 5Th and 6Th observation=79+81
=80
2
4) The mode:
- The mode is the most frequently occurring
value in a series of data.
- It may not exist; no modal.
- It may be unimodal, bimodal, trimodal... etc.
 Example

-2,3,4,4,5,4,7,7,7,9 what is the mode

It has 2 modes 4 and 7 (bimodal)

- 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18 what is the mode

- It has no mode
 B-Measures of dispersion

1-Range
2-Mean deviation (M.D.)
3-Variance = S2
4-Standard deviation (± S.D.)
B-Measures of dispersion
1- The range is the difference between highest and
lowest value

It depends only on the 2 outlying values e.g.

30, 34, 32, 36, 28. Range = 36 – 28 = 8
2-Mean deviation (M.D.) :-Is the arithmetic mean
of the numerical differences of all observation
from the mean, regardless of sign around the
mean.

=∑(X - X )
n
B-Measures of dispersion
3-Variance = S2
The sum of the squares of the deviation of each measurement in a
series from the mean of the series, divided by the total number of
the observation minus one (The degree of freedom).

=∑(X -X ) 2
n-1
B-Measures of dispersion

4-Standard deviation (± S.D.) it is the

positive square root of the variance
Example
2,3,4,5,6,7,8 calculate the range, mean
deviation, variance and standard deviation
1- range = 8-2=6
2- mean deviation
X =35/7= 5
Deviation from the mean=3,2,1,0,-1,-2,-3
Mean deviation= 12/7= 1.71
Example
3- Variance= ∑ squared deviation from the
mean
n-1
=9+4+1+0+9+4+1 =28/6=4.6
6
4- Standard deviation = is the positive
square root of the variance
=2.1
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