Routing and Switching

Lecturer: Eng. Mahdi Obsiyeh

ALPHA University
IT and Cypher security
Borama, Somaliland
Routing and switching

BASIC CONCEPTS OF
NETWORK

Chapter 1
 INDE
X
 BASIC OF NETWORKING
 COMPONENTS OF NETWORKING
 TYPES OF NETWORKING
 NETWORK BENEFITS
 PEER TO PEER NETWORK
 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK
 NETWORK DEVICES
 Basic of Networking

 DEFINTION:
A Network consists of a collection of computers, printers
and other equipment that is connected together so that they
can communicate with each other. Fig 1 gives an example
of a network in a school comprising of a local area network

 Sharing of resources such as printers

 Sharing of expensive software's and database
 Communication from one computer to another
computer
 Exchange of data and information among users via
network
 Sharing of information over geographically wide
Fig 1: Representation of Network in a school.
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK

 Two or more computers

 Cables as links between the computers
 A network interfacing card(NIC) on each computer
 Switches
 Hub
 RJ45/cat3, cat4, cat5E
 Types Networking

A computer network is a group of computers linked to each

other that enables the computer to communicate with another
computer and share their resources, data, and applications.

 LAN(Local Area Network)

 PAN(Personal Area Network)
 MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
 WAN(Wide Area Network)
 LAN (Local Area Network)

 Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each

other in a small area such as building, office, hospital
 LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers
through a communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial
cable, etc.
 It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as
hubs, network adapters, and Ethernet cables.
 The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area
Network.
 Local Area Network provides higher security
Local area network (LAN):
 WAN (Wide Area Network)

 A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over

a large geographical area such as states or countries.
 A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than
the LAN.
 A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single
location, but it spans over a large geographical area
through a telephone line, fiber optic cable or satellite
links.
 The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
 A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of
Business, government, and education.
Wide area network (WAN):
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

 A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger

geographic area by interconnecting a different WAN to form a
larger network.
 Government agencies use MAN to connect to the countries
and private commerce.
 In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a
telephone exchange line.
 The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame
Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.
 It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).
Fig 4: MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
 PAN (Personal Area Network)

 Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an

individual person, typically within a range of 10 meters.
 Personal Area Network is used for connecting the
computer devices of personal use is known as Personal
Area Network.
 Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
 Personal computer devices that are used to develop the
personal area network are the laptop, mobile phones,
media player and play stations.
fig 5: PAN (Personal Area Network)
 ADVANTAGE OF NETWORK

Benefits of computer networks

Setting up a computer network is a fast and reliable way of sharing
information and resources within a business. It can help you make the most
of your IT systems and equipment.

File sharing - you can easily share data between different users, or access
it remotely if you keep it on other connected devices.
Resource sharing - using network-connected peripheral devices like
printers, scanners and copiers, or sharing software between multiple users,
saves money.
Increasing storage capacity - you can access files and multimedia, such as
images and music, which you store remotely on other machines or network-
attached storage devices.
Cont..

o Increased speed
o Reduced cost
o Improved security
o Centralized software managements
o Electronic mail
o Flexible access
 DISDAVATAGES OF NETWORKS

o High cost of installation

o Requires time for administration
o Failure of server
o Cable faults
 PEER TO PEER NETWORK

 In peer to peer network each computer is responsible

for making its own resources available to other
computers on the network.
 Each computer is responsible for setting up and
maintaining its own security for these resources.
 Also each computer is responsible for accessing the
required network resources from peer to peer
relationships.
 Peer to peer network is useful for a small network
containing less than 10 computers on a single LAN .
 Peer to peer networks do not have a central control
system. There are no servers in peer networks.
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF PEER
TO PEER NETWORK

Advantages: Disadvantages:
 Use less expensive
 Not very secure
computer hardware  No central point of
 Easy to administer storage or file archiving
 Additional load on
 Easy setup & low cost
computer because of
resource sharing
 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK

Client/server networks are more suitable for larger networks. A

central computer, or 'server', acts as the storage location for files and
applications shared on the network.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
CLIENT- SERVER NETWORK

Advantages: Disadvantages:
 Very secure
 Requires professional
administration
 Better performance
 More hardware-
 Centralized backup intensive
 very reliable  More software
intensive
 Classifying Networks by
Transmission
Coaxial Cable :

 Twisted
Pair :

 Fiber
Optics :
 Devices

HUB
The network hub is one kind of networking
device in a computer network, used to
communicate with various network hosts
and also for data transferring.

The transferring of data in a computer

network can be done in the form of packets.
Whenever the data processing can be done
from a host to a network hub, then the data
can transmit to all the connected ports
Unfortunately, a network hub cannot be so
 Devices
Bridge
A Bridge in the computer network is used to unite two
or more network segments.

The main function of a bridge in network architecture

is to store as well as transmit frames among the
various segments. Bridges use MAC (Media Access
Control) hardware for transferring frames
 .
 Devices
SWITCH
 Similar to a hub, this is also working at the layer in the
LAN and a switch is more clever compare with a hub. As
the hub is used for data transferring, whereas a switch is
used for filtering & forwarding the data. So this is the more
clever technique to deal with the data packets.
 Makes forwarding decisions based on Mac Addresses.
 Devices
Router

A network router is one kind of network device in a

computer network and it is used for routing traffic from
one network to another. These two networks could be
private to a public company network.
 Devices
Firewall
 Firewalls are network security systems that prevent
unauthorized access to a network. It can be a hardware or
software unit that filters the incoming and outgoing traffic
within a private network, according to a set of rules to spot
and prevent cyberattacks
 Repeater
The operating of a repeater can be done at the physical layer.
The main function of this device is to reproduce the signal on a
similar network before the signal gets weak otherwise damaged.

Whenever the signal gets weak, then they reproduce it at the

actual strength. A repeater is a two-port device.
 Access Point

While an access point (AP) can technically involve either a

wired or wireless connection, it commonly means a wireless
device.

An AP works at the second OSI layer, the Data Link layer, and it
can operate either as a bridge connecting a standard wired
network to wireless devices or as a router passing data
transmissions from one access point to another.
Networking ( You Can’t Live Without It)

6
END