UNIT 1-Lesson 3 (Architecture)

ARCHITECTURE
PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
Man has developed a form of architecture
The Greek word lithos “stone” and megas
“big”
Made of huge stone blocks which where
probably intended for burial.
• Megalithic monuments have always
ignited man’s imagination.
• They provided plenty of legends and
superstitions.
• Stones and rocks were associated with
divinity .
THREE MAIN TYPES OF
MEGALITH STONES
1. MENHIR
• Huge stone standing vertically on the
ground, usually standing in the middle
of the field or arranged in arrows
• Brythonic languages maen or men,
“stone” and hir “long”
2. DOLMENS
• Originated from the expression taol maen (stone
table)
• In form of table consisting of two huge standing
stones supporting a horizontal giant stone
• Served as grave or altar
3. CHROMLECH
• Brythonic word where crom means
“bent” or “curved” and llech means
“slab” or “flagstones”
• Circle of standing stones
STONEHENGE
• Best preserved megalithic site in Europe, a group
of stones arranged in concentric circles, with a
large external circles of thrilits (“three stones”),
two internal circles built in a similar manner and
altar-shaped stone in the center
• where rituals are held
Egyptian Architecture
• Developed during the pre-dynastic period
4000 BC
• One of the most influential civilizations
throughout the history
Characteristics of
Egyptian Architecture:
1.The structure has thick sloping
walls with few opening obtain
stability.
2. The exterior and interior walls
along with columns and piers were
covered with hieroglyphics and
pictorial frescoes and cravings
painted in brilliant colors.
3. Ornamentations were symbolic
including scarab (sacred beetle),solar
disk vulture and common motifs
(palm leaves, buds, flower of lotus,
and papyrus plants).
4. Temples were aligned with astronomically significant
event like solstices and equinox with precise
measurements required in determining the moment of
that particular event
• Latin word Sol, meaning “sun” and stitium meaning
“stoppage”, as the sun appears to stand still in the first
day of winter
• A time or date when day and night are of equal length.
PYRAMID OF GIZA
• Most substantial ancient structures of the world.
• Oldest and largest pyramid in Giza
• it is the oldest of the seven wonders of the
Ancient World and the only one to remain largely
intact
Three pyramids
•Khufu (Cheops)
•Khafa (Chepren)
•Menkaura (Mycerinus)
KHUFU(CHEOPS)
• Whom the Great Pyramid was attributed to
• It is originally Khnum-Khufu, was an
ancient Egyptian pharaoh, who ruled during
the Fourth Dynasty in the first half of the
Old Kingdom.
KHAFA(CHEPREN)
• Whom the pyramid next to the Great
Pyramid is attributed
MENKAURA(MYCERINUS)
• Smallest pyramid
Egyptian Temples
• Built to serve as places of residence for the Gods
• Also served as the key centers for economic activity
• Made of perishable material like wood, reed matting,
and mud brick
• Their walls were covered with scenes were carved onto
the stone then brightly painted.
MASTABA
• Type of Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-
roofed, rectangular structure with outward
sloping sides
• Made of bricks or stones
• House for eternity or eternal house
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
• Temples consisted of a central shrine or
room in an aisle surrounded by rows of
columns.
• These building were designed in one of
three architectural style or orders:
Doric
• Order was one of the three orders of Ancient
Greek and later Roman Architecture
• Most easily recognized by the simple
circular capitals at the top of columns
Ionic
• Also one of the three orders of
architecture
• Second developed style
Corinthian
• Last developed of the three principal
classical orders of Ancient Greek and
Roman Architecture
The Parthenon(447-432 BC, Athens)
• Greatest classical temple, ingeniously engineered
to correct an optical illusion.
• Columns were slightly contorted, swollen at the
center and leaning inward to correct what would
otherwise have been an impression of deadness
and top heaviness.
Roman Architecture
• They built sturdy tone structures both for use and to
perpetuate their glory.
• The emperors erected huge halls and arenas for public
game, baths, and procession.
• They built them a gigantic arches of stone, bricks and
concrete, or with barrel vaults.
THE COLOSSEUM
• Flavian Amphitheater
• an oval amphitheater in the center of the
City of Rome, Italy
• largest amphitheater ever built
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
• Lot common with the early Christian
architecture
• Mosaic decoration was perfected by the
Byzantine’s advancement in developing the
dome created a new style in global
architecture.
Hagia Sophia
• Holy Wisdom
• Narrates how a magnificent construction
transformed from being a church, into a mosque.
• One of the biggest domes ever created with 108
ft. in diameter.
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
• Romanesque’s churches are often grand
sculpture portals.
• Wood or metal doors are surrounded by
elaborate stone sculpture arranged in zones
to fit architectural elements
The Groin-vaulted Crypt of Worcester
Cathedral (1084-1504)
• It is the seat of Bishop of Worcester
• Its official name is Cathedral Church of
Crist and the Blessed Mary the Virgin of
Worcester
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
• This design included two new devices:
pointed arch which enabled builders to
construct much higher ceiling vaults and
stone vaulting borne on a network of stone
ribs supported by piers and clustered pillars.
CATHEDRAL OF CHARTRES
(Notre Dame Cathedral)
•Has a rich architecture and design
•Splendid stained glass windows
•Thousand of sculptured figures

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ARCHITECTURE

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