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Unit III Control Statements and Strings

The document discusses various control statements and string operations in Python. It covers conditional statements like if, if-else and if-elif-else. It also covers loops like while and for loop. The document also discusses string slicing, concatenation, immutability and built-in string methods.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
102 views65 pages

Unit III Control Statements and Strings

The document discusses various control statements and string operations in Python. It covers conditional statements like if, if-else and if-elif-else. It also covers loops like while and for loop. The document also discusses string slicing, concatenation, immutability and built-in string methods.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control Statements

and Strings
Unit III
Conditional (if), alternative (if-else), chained conditional
(if-elif-else). Iteration-while, for, infinite loop, break,
continue, pass, else. Strings-String slices, immutability,
string methods and operations.
Conditional statement or decision making
statement or selection statement

• If statement
• If-else statement
• elif statement
Conditional (if)
if statement
• if is a decision making statement or control
statement
• It is used to control the flow of execution, also to test
logically whether the condition is true or false.
Syntax:
if (condition is true) :
False
true statements Condition

True
True
Statement
a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
O/P:
b is greater than a

Homework:
Write a program to determine whether a person is
eligible to vote.
Short Hand If
• If you have only one statement to execute, you can put
it on the same line as the if statement.

E.g.
a=10;b=12;
if a > b: print("a is greater than b")
Multiple if
value = input("Press any key: ")
if (value.isalpha()):
print("User entered a character")
if (value.isdigit()):
print("User entered a digit")
if(value.isspace()):
print("User entered a white space")
Alternative (if-else)
If Else
• The else keyword catches anything which isn't caught
by the preceding conditions.
Syntax:
if(condition) : False
Condition
true statement
else: True
false statement True False
Statement Statement
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
else:
print("a is greater than b")
Write a program to enter any character. If the entered
character is in lowercase then convert it into uppercase
and if it is an uppercase character, then convert it into
lowercase.

ch = input("Enter a character: ")


if (ch >= 'A' and ch <="Z"):
ch = ch.lower()
print("The Character is upper, Its Lower case is: ", ch)
else:
ch = ch.upper()
print("The Character is Lower, Its upper case is: ", ch)
Short Hand If ... Else
• If you have only one statement to execute, one for if,
and one for else, you can put it all on the same line:

E.G
a = 2
b = 330
print("A") if a > b else print("B")
#True Stmt01 if condition else False stmt

• This technique is known as Ternary Operators, or


Conditional Expressions.
Homework:
• Write a program to determine whether a person is
eligible to vote or not. If not eligible, display how many
years are left to be eligible.
• Write a program to find whether the given number is
even or odd.
• Write a program to find whether a given year is leap
year or not.
Nested If
Nested If
• Nested if Statements are used to check if more than
one condition is satisfied.
x = 41

if x > 10:
print("Above ten,")
if x > 20:
print("and also above 20!")
else:
print("but not above 20.")
Chained conditional
(if-elif-else)
if-elif-else
• The if-elif-else construct works in the same way as a usual
if-else statement.
• Syntax:
If (condi-1):
stmt-1
Elif (condi-2):
stmt-2
Elif (condi-3):
stmt-3
Else:
stmt-4
Example

a=13
if(a==11):
print(‘cricket’)
elif(a==12):
print(‘hockey’)
elif(a==13):
print(‘running’)
else:
print(‘tennis’)
• A company decides to give bonus to all its employees
on Diwali, A 5% bonus on salary is given to the male
workers and 10% bonus on salary to the female
workers. Write a program to enter the salary of the
employee and Gender of the employee. If the salary of
the employee is less than 10,000 then the employee
gets an extra 2% bonus on salary. Calculate the bonus
that has to be given to the employee and display the
salary that the employee will get.
• Homework
1. Write a Python program to check if a number is
positive, negative or zero.
2. Write a program to find the greatest number from
three numbers.
3. Write a program that prompts the user to enter a
number between 1 - 7 and then display the
corresponding day of the week.
4. Write a Program to Check Vowel or Consonant.
Iteration /Looping statement
 The loop is defined as the block of statements which
are repeatedly executed for a certain number of time.
Types:
1. while statement
2. for statement.
Iteration-while
Iteration-while
• The while loop is an entry controlled loop statement,
means the condition as evaluated first, if it is true then
body of the loop is executed.
Syntax:
while(condition):
body of the loop
Example:
a=0
while(a<=5):
print(a)
a+=1
For
for loop statement
This is another one control structure, and it is
execute set of instructions repeatedly until the
condition become false.
Syntax:
for i in sequence:
body of loop
• With the for loop we can execute a set of
statements, once for each item in a list,
tuple, set etc.
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)
• Looping Through a String

for x in "banana":
print(x)
• With the for loop we can execute a set of
statements, once for each item in a list,
tuple, set etc.
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
for y in x:
print(y)
print(x)
Range() function
The python has the built-in function range() that
generates a list of values starting from start to
stop-1 by step.
The range() function returns a sequence of
numbers, starting from 0 by default, and
increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a
specified number.
Syntax:
range(start, stop-1, step)
>>> for i in range(0,10,2):
print(i)

O/P:
0
2
4
6
8
E.g.01:
for x in range(6):
print(x)
o/p:
0 E.g. 02:
1 for x in range(2, 30, 3):
print(x)
2
3 O/P: ?
4
5
break Statement
• With the break statement we can stop the
loop before it has looped through all the
items:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)
if x == "banana":
break
continue Statement
• With the continue statement we can stop
the current iteration of the loop, and
continue with the next:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]


for x in fruits:
if x == "banana":
continue
print(x)
pass Statement
• The pass statement is used as a placeholder for future
code.
• When the pass statement is executed, nothing
happens, but you avoid getting an error when empty
code is not allowed.
E.g.01:
a = 33
b = 200

if b > a:
pass
-----------------------------------
E.g.02:
for x in [0, 1, 2]:
pass
Infinite loop
Infinite loop
• We can create an infinite loop using while statement. If
the condition of while loop is always True, we get an
infinite loop.

E.g.
while True:
num = int(input("Enter an integer: "))
print("The double of",num,"is",2 * num)
Homework
While:
• Write a program to read the numbers until -1 is
encountered. Also count the negative, positives, and
zeros entered by user.
• Write a program to print the reverse of a number.
• Write a program to find GCD for two numbers.
Homework
For:
• Write a program using for loop to print all the numbers
ranging from m to n, thereby classifying them as even
or odd.
• Write a program using while or for loop to read the
numbers until -1 is encountered. Also, count the
number of prime numbers entered by the user.
• Write a program to sum the series - 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + ... +
1/n.
Strings-String slices
String slices
• Subsets of strings can be taken using slice operator ([],
[:],[::]) with indexing started at 0 in the beginning of
the string
• Working their way from -1 at the end
Eg: >>>Str=‘windows’
>>>Print(str)
windows
E.g.
MyString = "abcdef"
print(MyString)
print(MyString[0:3])
print(MyString[3::])
print(MyString[0:6:2])
print(MyString[-1:-7:-1])
print(MyString[0:-2])
Concatenating Strings
• Concatenate means join together. Python allows
Concatenate two strings using the + operator.
• * operator is used to repeat the string for a specified
number of times.
• E.g.
first = “Hello"
second = “Python"
third = print( (first + second) * 2)
O/P
HelloPythonHelloPython
Append
• Append mean to add something at the end. In python
it can be done at the end of another string using +=
operator.
• E.g.
val1= "Hello "
name = input("\nEnter the name: ")
val1 += name
val1 += ". welcome to programming"
print(val1)
Immutability
Strings are immutable
• Python strings are immutable which means that once
created they cannot be changed.
String methods and
operations
String Formatting Operator
• The % operator takes a format string on the left (that
has %d, %s, etc..)
• E.g.
name = "Sona"
Pincode = 636054
print("Name = %s and Pincode = %d" %(name, Pincode))

O/P
Format Symbol Purpose
%c Character
%d or %i Signed decimal integer
%s String
%u Unsigned decimal integer
%o Octal integer
%f Floating point
Built-in String Methods and
Functions

• Python supports many built-in methods to manipulate


strings.
• A method is just like a function.
• The only difference between a function and method is
that a method is invoked or called on an object.
• The below functions are used to change the case of the
strings.

• lower(): Converts all uppercase characters in a string


into lowercase
• upper(): Converts all lowercase characters in a string
into uppercase
• title(): Convert string to title case
text = 'Case chanGING python'

print("\nConverted String:")
print(text.upper())

print("\nConverted String:")
print(text.lower())

print("\nConverted String:")
print(text.title())

print("\nOriginal String")
print(text)
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-string-methods/
count() - Returns the number of occurrences of a substring
in the string.
E.g.
string = "geeks for geeks"
print(string.count("geeks"))

O/p
2
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-string-methods/
center() - Pad the string with the specified character.
E.g.
string = "geeks for geeks"
new_string = string.center(24)

print("After padding String is: ", new_string)


https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-string-methods/
isdigit() - Returns “True” if all characters in the string are
digits
E.g.
string = '15460'
print(string.isdigit())

string = '154ayush60'
print(string.isdigit())
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-string-methods/
zfill() - Returns a copy of the string with ‘0’ characters
padded to the left side of the string
E.g.
text = "geeks for geeks"
print(text.zfill(25))
print(text.zfill(20))

print(text.zfill(10))
ord() and chr() functions
• The ord() returns the ASCII Code of the character and
chr() returns character represented by ASCII number.
• E.g.
Comparing Strings
• Method 1: Using Relational Operators
print("Python" == "python")
print("Python" < "python")
print("Python" > "python")
print("Python" != "python")
Method 2: Iterating String
• String can be iterated by using for or while loop.
• E.g.
msg = "Welcome to python"
index = 0
while (index < len(msg) ):
letter = msg[index]
print(letter, end = ' ')
index +=1

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