Batteries and Their Types

Alkaline Batteries
Size comparison

C, AA, AAA, N, PP3

1.5V 1.5 V 1.5 V 12 V 9V

 LI-ion Batteries
(Used in Electric Cars and Solar Systems)
Lead Acid Battery 12 V
(Used in Cars / Trucks)
Batteries of Different Capacities
 A video on Potential Difference
• https://youtu.be/ZyUHvwEC48I
 Ampere Hour and
Milliampere Hours
• An ampere hour (abbreviated Ah) is a unit of electric
charge, usually used to define capacity of a battery.
This describes how many hours a battery can provide
certain amount of current until it is completely
discharges.
• 100 Ah means
– 100 Amperes for one Hour
– 50 Amperes for 2 Hours
– 25 Amperes for 4 Hours
– Smaller Batteries used in mobile phones specify
capacity in milliampere hour mAh like 1200 mAh,
 Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a conductor is
directly proportional to the current flowing through it.
Mathematically, this current-voltage relationship is
written as,
In the equation, the constant of proportionality, R,
is called Resistance and has units of ohms, with the
symbol Ω.
The same formula can be rewritten in order to calculate
the current and resistance respectively as follows:

OR
Batteries in Series and Ohm,s Law

Connecting batteries in Series, the voltage is added.

Series And Parallel Circuits
 Series Circuit
When components are connected in a straight line
such that the current flowing in the circuit has no
alternative path to flow, the circuit is called series
circuit.

Node
Node

Node Node
Node: Node refers to any point in a circuit where two or
more device are connected. Following circuit has 4 nodes,
Node 1, Node 2, Node 3, Node 4. Resistances in series
connection adds up directly to give total resistance
R tot = R1 + R2 + R3

R tot = 3,000+10,000+5,000 = 18,000 Ohm

I= 9/(3,000+10,000+5,000) = .0005 Amperes
=0.5 mA
 Series Circuit Rules
 Current in Series Circuit at all points remains same.
 Voltage in Series Circuit divides on components in the
circuit.

 Voltage divider can be used for finding voltage drop on

different resistors connected in series.
Voltage Across R1 =>
 KVL (Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law)
 The sum of voltage drop across all resistors
in series circuit is equal to applied voltage

V1 + V2 + V3 = Vtot
Q1) For the circuit given below find the following

(a) Total Resistance

(b) V1 and V2 using voltage divider
(c) find V3 using KVL
(d) find the current flowing between R 1 and R2
R tot = R1 + R2 + R3
Resistance String In Series

Adding resistances of resistors connected in series makes up

string. For example, for the circuit given in question on last
slide, string is 100Ω + 300Ω + 50Ω = 450Ω
 Parallel Circuit
When two or more components are
connected in parallel, such that voltage
across all the components is same, it is
called Parallel Circuit.
= + +

V1 = V2 = V3 = 9V
 Parallel Circuit Rules
 Voltage across Parallel connected components is always
same.
 Current divides among components connected in Parallel.
 Resistances in Parallel connection adds up reciprocally to
give total resistance
= + +
 Current divider can be used for finding current flowing in
different resistors connected in Parallel.
Current Divider Formula = Current Through R1 =>
 KCL (Kirchhoff’s Current Law)
 The total current I tot that leaves the battery is
equal to the sum of current in individual
branches of parallel circuit.

I tot = I1 + I2 + I3
Q1) For the circuit given below find the following

(a) Total Resistance.

(c) Write the value of V1 and V2.
(b) Current in ammeter A1 and A2 using V = I * R.
(d) Find A3 using Current Divider.
(d) Find A4 using KCL.
Resistance Banks In Series
R3 is connected in series with the parallel combination of R 1||
R2 therefore Current I total must divide between I1 and I2.

R1 and R2 are in parallel connection therefore V1 = V2.

Resistor banks are used to have same voltage on different

resistances connected in parallel combination.
We will calculate Voltages =>> V1 , V2 and V3
We will also calculate Current =>> I1 , I2 and I total
For the circuit given above.

Solution:
Step 1) calculating total resistance R3 + R1 || R2
R1 || R2 => =

R combination = )-1
= = 75Ω
R total = R3 + R combination = 50 + 75 = 125 Ω
Step 2) Using V = I * R =>> I total = = 0.072A or 72mA
Solution Continued:
Step 3) Using V = I * R =>> V3 = 72mA * 50Ω = 3.6V
Step 4) Using KVL finding the voltage drop on the
combination of R1 and R2 that is V1 and V2 {as we know V1 =
V2 because of parallel connection} therefore
V1 = V2 = Vapplied – 3.6V = 5.4V

Step 5) Using V = I * R we will find I1 and I2 =>>

I1 = = 0.054A or 54mA
I2 = = 0.018A or 18mA
Verifying for total current
I total = I1 + I2 = 54mA + 18mA = 72mA
Resistance Banks and Strings In Series-Parallel

Resistance Strings
Resistance Bank
 Resistance Circuit Solving Guide Line

1) Identify nodes (point where two or more devices

are connected) in the circuit.
2) Identify the nodes between which same current
flows.
3) These components are connected in series and
series circuit rule ar:
a. SIMPLE RESISTANCE ADDITION
b. VOLTAGE DIVISION
c. SAME CURRENT should be used for circuit
simplification.
Resistance Circuit Solving Guide Line
4. The nodes on which current divides between
components, the components are connected in parallel
and parallel circuit rule are applied.
a. RECIPROCAL RESISTANCE ADDITION
b. CURRENT DIVISION
c. SAME VOLTAGE should be used for their
simplification.

• MOSTLY WE COME ACROSS CIRCUITS THAT ARE

COMBINATION OF SERIES AND PARALLEL
CONNECTED RESISTANCES
Q) Series parallel circuit in class Example

a) Find total circuit resistance ?

b) Find total current ?
c) Find current through resistor R5 ?
 WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
• A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit
used to measure an unknown electrical
resistance.
• It contains two legs of resistances, one with
known values that are used as voltage divider
and the other includes the unknown
component.
• The primary benefit of the circuit is its ability
to provide extremely accurate measurements.
 WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
Resistors R1 and R2 have created a voltage divider pair
The other side has a Variable Resistor and the unknow Rx
Between points C and D, a Voltmeter is connected.
Variable Resistor is varied until the VM shows 0 Volt.
Unknown resistor can be found using ratio of

A
I1 I2

C D