Chapter-3

Atomic Structure
The constitution of Nucleus and
arrangement/distribution of electrons AND
Nature/type of bonding among atoms
 Table of Contents
• Significance of Atomic Structure
• Fundamental concepts- Nucleus (protons, neutrons)
and electrons
• Bohr atomic model
• Quantum numbers
• Electronic configuration
• Periodic table, electropositivity & electronegativity
• Atomic bonding-
• Primary bonding
• Secondary bonding
• The simple idea of an atom is that an atom has
a nucleus and negatively charged electrons
whirling around the nucleus.

• Within the nucleus, there are

protons (positively charged)
and neutrons (no charge)

• Electrostatic forces hold the

nucleus and the electrons together.
 Review of Atomic Structure
Atoms = nucleus (protons and neutrons) + electrons
Charges:
Electrons (-): protons(+) 1.6 × 10-19 Coulombs.
Neutrons are electrically neutral.

Masses:
Protons and Neutrons = 1 amu.
Electron = 0 amu

Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons

Atomic number (Z) = # protons

chemical identification of element

Isotope number  # neutrons

7
Electrically neutral atoms have- # protons = # electrons
Isotopes
Mass number
= 6 + 6= 12 amu

Mass number
= 6 + 7= 13 amu

Mass number
= 6 + 8= 14 amu
Atomic mass / average atomic mass/ atomic weight
 QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF THE ATOM

Quantum Numbers are the parameters explaining the electron

behaviour around the nucleus

 Principal Quantum Number indicates the size of an atom

 Higher the principal quantum number, farther the electron will
be located from nucleus
 https://slideplayer.com/slide/7587103/

https://study.com/academy/lesson/spin-quantum-nu
mber-definition-example-quiz.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cR4idek1Uo
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 Metals

• 1 to 3 valence electrons

• givers of electrons

• lose electrons

• make (+) ions

• left side of periodic table

 Nonmetals

• 5 to 8 valence electrons

• takers of electrons

• gain electrons

• make (-) ions

• right side of periodic table

 Ion

• atom with a charge

• atom has gained or lost electrons
• gained e- = (-) charge
• lost e- = (+) charge

• (+) ion = cation

• (-) ion = anion
Electronegativity - how willing atoms are to
accept electrons
Subshells with one electron - low electronegativity
Subshells with one missing electron -high
electronegativity
Electronegativity increases from left to right

Metals are electropositive – can give up their few

valence electrons to become positively charged ions
Which of the following electron configurations are of Sodium and
an Inert Gas? Justify your selection. [4]

(a) 1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2
(b) 1s22s22p63s23p6
(c) 1s22s22p5
(d) 1s22s22p63s1

Sodium (d) 1s22s22p63s1

There is one valance electron exists in the
outermost shell of Sodium that is eager to give
this electron for stability.

Inert Gas (b) 1s22s22p63s23p6

Outermost shell is full i.e. atom is stable and
chemically inert.
 Atomic Bonding
Bonds in Solids

• atoms achieve a stable number of

electrons

• involves valence (outer) electrons

• make compounds and/or solids

• Energy required to separate two atoms
to an infinite separation
 Types of Bonding
Primary Bonding: e- are transferred or shared
Strong (100-1000 KJ/mol or 1-10 eV/atom)

Ionic: electron transfer takes place

Example - Na+Cl
Strong Coulomb interaction between
a positive atom (lost an electron, Na+) and
a negative atom (an extra electron, Cl-)
Covalent: electrons shared between the atoms.
Example - H2
Metallic:
Atoms lose some electrons from valence band
Those electrons are shared by all the material
Secondary Bonding: no e- transferred or shared
Interaction of atomic/molecular dipoles
Weak (< 100 KJ/mol or < 1 eV/atom)

 Fluctuating Induced Dipole (inert gases, H2, Cl2…)

 Permanent dipoles (polar molecules - H2O, HCl...)
37
 Example: NaCl
Na has 11 electrons, 1 more than needed for a full outer
shell

11 Protons Na 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S1 donates e-

10 e- left
11 Protons Na+ 1S2 2S2 2P6

Cl has 17 electron, 1 less than needed for a full outer shell

17 Protons Cl 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P5 receives e-
17 Protons Cl 1S 2S 2P 3S 3P
- 2 2 6 2 6 18 e-
 Covalent Bonding (I)

Electrons shared between the atoms.

Valence electrons spend more time between nuclei than outside
 bonding.

Covalent bonds- HIGHLY ***directional in direction of greatest orbital

overlap

***The meaning of covalent bonds being directional is that atoms bonded covalently
prefer specific orientations in space relative to one another. As a result, molecules in
which atoms are bonded covalently have definite shapes. 44
Example: Carbon Zc = 6 (1S2 2S2 2P2)
N’ = 4, 8 - N’ = 4  can form up to four covalent bonds
ethylene molecule:

polyethylene molecule:

ethylene mer

diamond:
(each C atom has four covalent
bonds with four other carbon atoms)

45
Covalent Bonding
(Polymers and Some Ceramics)
 Metallic Bonding

All pure metals have metallic bonding and

therefore exist as metallic structures. Metallic
bonding consists of a regular arrangement of
positive ion cores of the metals surrounded by a
mobile delocalized sea of electrons.
• Each atom donates its valence electrons to the whole
• Atom therefore becomes a cation (here called an ion core)
• Donated electrons form an electron cloud surrounding all
the ion cores
• Electron cloud binds all the ion cores together by
coulombic forces

• Valence electrons are delocalized:

• Shared by all atoms in the material
• Electrons are free to drift throughout the material
• Provides unique properties only found in metals
– shiny metallic luster
– good electrical and thermal conductivity
– many others ...
Interatomic and intermolecular bonds that are relatively weak and for which
bonding energies are relatively small. Normally atomic or molecular dipoles are
involved. Secondary bonding types are van der Waals and hydrogen.
Types of Van Der Waals Bond
 Hydrogen Bond

Examples
 Ionic Covalent Metallic Intermolecular
moderate and
Bond strength strong very strong weak
variable
low to
moderate to moderate;
Hardness very hard, brittle soft and plastic
high ductile,
malleable
conducts by ion good
insulators in
Electrical transport only insulator in solid conductors; by
solid and liquid
conductivity when and liquid electron
states
dissociated transport
moderate to
Melting point low generally high low
high
soluble in
soluble in polar very low
Solubility insoluble organic
solvents solubilities
solvents
diamond,
Cu, Ag, Au, ice, organic
Examples most minerals oxygen, organic
other metals solids (crystals)
molecules