SHAPE

MEMORY
ALLOYS

KABIL M
71762103075
BE EEE SEC 2
 SMART MATERIALS
 Smart materials, also called intelligent or responsive
materials, are designed materials that have one or
more properties that can be significantly changed in a
controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress,
moisture, electric or magnetic fields, light,
temperature, pH, or chemical compounds.
 TYPES
Piezoelectric materials
 They can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and
vice versa. For example, they change their shape in response
to an electrical impulse or produce an electrical charge in
response to an applied mechanical stress.

Shape memory materials

 They have the ability to change the shape i.e.,returning to their
original shape, when exposed to a heat source.
 Chromoactive materials
 They change colour when subjected to a certain variation in
temperature, light, pressure, etc. Nowadays, they are used in
sectors such as optics.

Magnetorheological materials
 They change their properties when exposed to a magnetic
field. For example, they are currently used in shock
absorbers to prevent seismic vibrations in bridges or
skyscrapers.
SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
 A shape memory alloy is a material
that remember its shape and can be
made to return to its initial shape
after being deformed if subjected to
an appropriate thermal process.
 Example : Ni - Ti, Cu - Al - Ni, etc.,
 SMA are called as Smart materials since they can
function as actuators and sensors simultaneously.
 Original shape at low
temperature BENT

COOLED

Deformed shape at low

Reverts to original shape temperature
at high temperature

HEATED
When a SMA is cold or below it transformation temperature

Low yield strength

Deformed easily
When a SMA is heated above the transformation temperature

Change in crystal structure

Return to its original shape

TYPES OF SMA
 There are two types of SMA,
1. One - way SMA
2. Two - way SMA
One-way SMA : It exhibits shape memory effect on
heating only.
Two-way SMA : It exhibits shape memory effect on both
cooling and heating.
HISTORY

 1ST discovery – Au- cd alloy in 1951

 Research gained momentum after the effect was found in NiTi in 1963

Temperature
Solid phase
The properties change of
HOW change is a
of SMAs are only 10℃
SMA molecular
made through is necessary
WORKS rearrangement
a solid phase to initiate
? , which occurs
change this phase
in SMA
change
PHASES IN SMA
 SMA have two stable phases,
1. Austenite 2. Martensite

Austenite : It is stronger and a high temperature phase

It have FCC crystal structure.
Martensite : It is low temperature phase which is soft
and can be easily deformed. The molecular
structure is twinned. It have BCC.
Austenite

Martensite

TWINNED DEFORMED
MARTENSITE MARTENSITE
Macro and Micro Structure of SMA Phases

MACRO

MICRO

Austenite Twinned Martensite Deformed Martensite

 Temperature induced transformation
The phase transformation takes place in SMA’s over a
range of temperature. This is called the temperature
induced transformation.
Martensite
Fraction of Martensite

Fraction of Austenite
1 0

n g
i

he
ol
co

ati
ng
Austenite
0 1

MF AS T MS AF
Ni - Ti alloy : Nitinol

 Nitinol stands for Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratory

 Nitinol alloys exhibit two closely related and unique properties

shape memory effect and pseudo elastic effect.

 It exhibits enormous elasticity, 10-30 times that of ordinary

metal
 It has high melting point(1300℃)

Transformation temperature range : -20℃ to 110℃

Density of Ni-Ti alloy is 6450 kg/m3

Nitinol
Properties
It have high thermal stability and corrosion resistance

Thermal resistivity is 100 mΩ (Austenite)

70 mΩ (Martensite)

It’s yield strength is 195-690 Mpa (Austenite)

70-145 Mpa (Martensite)
 MERITS DEMERITS
 Bio - compatiblity × Expensive

 Diverse field of application × Poor fatigue properties

 Good mechanical properties × Low energy efficiency

(strong and corrosion resistant )
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!