KINEMATICS

Mrs. Renalyn Cristobal

How do you know that
something is moving
or in motion?
 Kinematics
The study that deals with the
description of motion.
Basic Concepts:
-distance, displacement, speed,
velocity and acceleration.
 Dynamics
•The study of force in
relation to motion.
 Translation
• Is the term used in physics to
denote motion in straight line.
▫ One dimensional motion
 Either in x or y- axis
 Position
•Refers to the location of
an object with respect to
a reference point or
origin.
Displacement
vs. Distance
 Distance (X )
• Scalar quantity that refers to the
total length of path taken by an
object in moving from its initial
position to final position.
• Unit: m
 Displacement
• A vector quantity that refers to the straight
line distance between an object’s initial and
final positions, with direction toward the final
position.
• Unit: m with direction
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A STUDENT WALKS 100m from his house to the
school. What is his distance? His displacement?
If the student went back from school to his house,
what is his total distance? His displacement?
Solution
• Distance 1: 100 m
• Displacement 1: Final-Initial= 100m-0= 100m
East/school direction
• Distance 2: 100m +100= 200 m
• Displacement 2: Final-Initial= 0
Remember
If the initial and end position of an object is
the same, its displacement will be zero. That is,
if a person starts a journey from one place and
walks some distance and returns to that place
again, his movement will be zero.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Starting from the church, a procession has to take
the following route: 50m, North; 40m, East; and
60m, North. To go back, it has to follow the
same route but in opposite direction.
a) What is the TOTAL DISTANCE?
b) What is the TOTAL DISPLACEMENT?
SOLUTION:
a) distance=
50m+40m+60m+60m+40m+50
m
=300m
SOLUTION:
Displacement= 0
(Zero because the procession went back to
where it started)
Note
• Distance is the total path taken
• Displacement depends only on the
initial and final positions, not on the
actual length of path taken.
• The magnitude of distance and
displacement are NOT necessarily the
same!
Sample Problem
On his way to school, Jed travelled
100 m North, 300m east, 100 m
north, 100 m East and 100 m
North.
1. Find his total distance
2. Find his displacement
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Speed vs.
Velocity
 Speed (v)
• Scalar quantity
• Refers to the distance travelled by a
body in a given time.
• Unit: m/s
Sample Problem
A cyclist covers a distance
of 15 miles in 2 hours.
Calculate his speed.
Solution
Speed = Distance/time
= 15miles/2 hour
= 7.5 miles per hour
Note: Convert to SI unit of Speed
(m/s) 1mile=1609.54m
=3.35 m/s
Using the formula of speed
We can also compute, distance and time,
respectively.
▫ Speed = Distance / Time (m/s)
▫ Distance= Speed X Time (m)
▫ Time = Distance / Speed (s)
Sample Problem
A boy walks at a speed of 4 km/h. How much
time does he take to walk a distance of 20 km?
Time = Distance / speed
= 20km/4kmph
= 5 hours.
Final answer: 18000 sec
 Average Speed
•Scalar quantity
•Total distance divided by
total time elapsed
A car starts from rest and
attains a speed of 50m/s
in 15 seconds. How far
has the car travelled in 15
seconds?
Solution
Average Speed= Initial speed + Final Speed/
2
Distance= Speed X Time (m)
= [(0 m/s + 50m/s) / 2 ] (15 sec )
=25 m/s (15 sec )
=375 m
Instantaneous Speed
•Scalar quantity
•Speed at a particular
instant of time.
 Try this!
Rachel watches a thunderstorm from her
window. She sees the flash of lightning bolt
and begins counting the seconds until she
hears the clap of thunder 5seconds later.
Assume the speed of sound is 340m/s and
the light was seen instantaneously, How far
was the lightning bolt?
 Velocity (v)
• Vector quantity
• Refers to the time rate of change of
position
• Unit: m/s with direction
Instantaneous Velocity
•Vector quantity
•Velocity at a specific instant
of time
•Also called average velocity
Relative Velocity
• Vector quantity
• The velocity of moving body in
two different frames of
references
Sample problem
Ella walks to her school 360m away at a
constant speed of 3m/s. Ten seconds later,
her brother Ben follows at a constant speed
of 4m/s.
(a)How long will it take Ben to overtake Ella?
(b)How far is Ella from school when
overtaken by Ben?
Given:
school is 360m away
Ella: 3m/s
10 seconds later
Ben: 4m/s
Find:
(a)How long= time
(b)How far= distance
 a)How long will it take Ben to overtake
Ella?
Solution: t=x/v
For Ella: t=x/v
t= 360m/3.0m/s= 120sec
For Ben: t=x/v
t= 360m/4.0m/s= 90sec
t= 120sec-90sec= 30 sec
 How far is Ella from school when
overtaken by Ben?
Solution: x=vt
x= (3m/s)(30sec+10sec)= 120m

x=360m- 120m= 240m

Acceleration
 Acceleration
• Vector quantity
• Refers to rate of change in velocity
• Unit: m/s2
Average Acceleration
Sample problem no.1
A train accelerates from
30km/hr to 45km/hr in
15seconds. Find
a)acceleration b) the distance
it travels during this time
Solution
a)Acceleration

A train accelerates from

30km/hr to 45km/hr in
15seconds
 Solution
b) the distance it travels during
this time
A train accelerates from
30km/hr to 45km/hr in
15seconds
Check Point!
Tell whether the following
situations show acceleration
or not.
A car is moving at
constant speed in a
circular track.
There is ACCELERATION since the
car changes direction as it moves in
a circular path.
A car is moving at
constant speed in a
straight road.
Does not accelerate since
there is no change in speed
and direction.
A roller
coaster ride.
Accelerating. There’s a change for both
speed and direction.
Review: Kinematics 1-D
• Distance vs. Displacement
• Speed
▫ Average speed
▫ Instantaneous Speed
• Velocity
• Acceleration