Introduction

What is AI?
• Artificial - "man-made"
• Intelligence- "thinking power“
• Artificial Intelligence?

“[The automation of] activities that we associate with human thinking, activities such as
decision-making, problem solving, learning . . .” (Bellman, 1978)
a branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior
is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can
behave like humans, think like humans and able to make decisions

NB: Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such
as learning, reasoning, and solving problems
Views of AI
Think Humanly Think rationally
Act Humanly Act Rationally
 Acting Humanly
The Turing Test
• To be considered intelligent, a program must be able to
act sufficiently like a human to fool an interrogator. A
human interrogates the program and another human via
a terminal simultaneously. If after a reasonable period,
the interrogator cannot tell which is which, the program
passes.
To pass this test requires: -natural language processing
-knowledge representation
-automated reasoning
-machine learning
This test avoids physical contact and concentrates on "higher level" mental faculties.
A total Turing test would require the program to also do: computer and vision
robotics
Thinking Humanly-Cognitive Science

• Cognitive science attempts to "get inside" of the human mind to see

how it works and then comparing our computer programs to this.
• Another way to do this is to observe a human problem solving and
argue that one's programs go about problem solving in a similar way.
• Example: GPS (General Problem Solver) was an early computer
program that attempted to model human thinking. The developers
were not so much interested in whether or not GPS solved problems
correctly. They were more interested in showing that it solved
problems like people, going through the same steps and taking
around the same amount of time to perform those steps
Thinking Rationally – Laws of Thought

• Normative (or prescriptive) rather than descriptive thinking

• Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes?
Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts;
• This initiate the field of logic. Formal logic was developed in the late nineteenth century. This was the
first step toward enabling computer programs to reason logically.

• Example: All computers use energy. Using energy always generates heat. Therefore, all computers
generate heat.
• Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI

Problems:
• It is difficult to make informal knowledge precise enough to use the logicist approach particularly when
there is uncertainty in the knowledge.
• There is a big difference between being able to solve a problem in principle and doing so in practice.
Acting Rationally: The rational agent approach

• Rational behavior: doing the right thing

• The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal
achievement, given the available information
• Doesn’t necessarily involve thinking|e.g., blinking reflex|
but thinking should be in the service of rational action
• Aristotle (Nicomachean Ethics): Every art and every
inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought
to aim at some good
Rational Agents
• An agent is an entity that perceives and acts
• Logical approach to AI - correct inferences.
• This is often part of being a rational agent because one way to act rationally is to
reason logically and then act on one’s conclusions.
• But this is not all of rationality because agents often find themselves in situations
where there is no provably correct thing to do, yet they must do something.
• There are also ways to act rationally that do not seem to involve inference, e.g.,
reflex actions.
• For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the
agent (or class of agents) with the best performance
Goals of AI
• Replicate human intelligence
• Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
• An intelligent connection of perception and action
• Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence such as : Proving a theorem, Playing chess, Plan some surgical
operation, Driving a car in traffic
• Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new
things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
What Constitutes AI?
• Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning,
learning, problem-solving perception, language understanding, etc.
• To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence
requires the following discipline:
• Mathematics
• Biology
• Psychology
• Sociology
• Computer Science
• Neurons Study
• Statistics
History of AI(ref: https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/tip/The-history-of-artificial-intelligence-Complete-AI-timeline
1943 Boolean Circuit Model of the brain
1950 Turing Test
1950 Neural networks , machine learning
1960s Eliza, the chatbot with cognitive capabilities, and Shakey, the first mobile intelligent
. robot
1970s-1980s. AI winter followed by AI renaissance

1990s Speech and video processing in the 1990s

2000s IBM Watson, personal assistants, facial recognition, autonomous vehicles, and
content and image creation

2021 OpenAI introduced the Dall-E multimodal AI system that can generate images from
text prompts.
The University of California, San Diego, created a four-legged soft robot that
functioned on pressurized air instead of electronics
2022 OpenAI released ChatGPT in November to provide a chat-based interface to its GPT-3.5
LLM.
2023 OpenAI announced the GPT-4 multimodal Large Language Model that receives both
text and image prompts.
Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak and thousands more signatories urged a six-month pause
on training "AI systems more powerful than GPT-4."
Why Artificial Intelligence?

• With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can
solve real-world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health
issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such
as Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an
environment where survival of humans can be at risk.
• AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new
Opportunities
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and high accuracy as
it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
• High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of that AI
systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
• High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple times with
high accuracy.
• Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb, exploring
the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
• Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as AI technology
is currently used by various Ecommerce websites to show the products as per customer requirement.
• Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving car which can
make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose, Natural language
processing to communicate with the human in human-language, etc.
Disadvantages of AI
• High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of
maintenance to meet current world requirements.
• Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they
cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained,
or programmed.
• No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does
not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with human, and
may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
• Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting
more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
• No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but still
AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and
imaginative.
Types of AI
Type 1 AI
Type 1 –Based on Capabilities

Weak /Narrow AI

• AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.

• The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial Intelligence.
• Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one specific task.
• AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
• Apple Siri is a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a
limited pre-defined range of functions.
• IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an
Expert system approach combined with Machine learning and natural
language processing.
o Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site, self-driving
cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
Type 1 –Based on Capabilities
General AI

• A type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual

task with efficiency like a human.
• The idea behind the general AI is to make such a system which could be
smarter and think and make decisions like a human by its own.
• No such system currently in existence
• The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines
with General AI.
• As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots
of efforts and time to develop such systems.
Type 1 –Based on Capabilities
Super AI

• A level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could

surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than
human with cognitive properties.
• It is an outcome of general AI.
o Some key characteristics of strong AI capability include the
ability to think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan,
learn, and communicate by its own.
• Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence.
Type- 2 AI – Based on Functionality
Reactive Machines
• Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial
Intelligence.
• Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future
actions.
• These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per
possible best action.
• IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
• Google's Alpha Go is also an example of reactive machines.
Type- 2 AI – Based on Functionality
Limited memory
• machines can store past experiences or some data for
a short period of time.
• These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
o Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory
systems.
• These cars can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance
of other cars, speed limit, and other information to navigate the road.
Type- 2 AI – Based on Functionality
Theory of Mind
• Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people,
beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans.
• For this type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers
are making lots of efforts and improvement for developing such AI
machines.
.
AI and Ethics
• How optimize AI's beneficial impact while reducing risks and adverse
outcomes.
• Examples of AI ethics issues include: data responsibility and privacy,
fairness, explainability, robustness, transparency, environmental
sustainability, inclusion, moral agency, value alignment, accountability,
trust, and technology misuse.
AI and Ethics- Trending issues
1. Foundation models and Generative AI
Ex: ChatGPT(2022): -built on foundation models, AI models that can be adapted
to a wide range of downstream tasks.
• Foundation models are typically large-scale generative models, comprised of
billions of parameters, that are trained on unlabeled data using self-
supervision.
• This allows foundation models to quickly apply what they’ve learned in one
context to another, making them highly adaptable and able to perform a wide
variety of different tasks. Yet there are many potential issues and ethical
concerns around foundation models that are commonly recognized in the
tech industry, such as bias, generation of false content, lack of explainability,
misuse, and societal impact.
AI and Ethics- Trending issues
2. Technological singularity
• Idea of super intelligence raises some interesting questions as we
consider the use of autonomous systems, like self-driving cars.
• It’s unrealistic to think that a driverless car would never get into a car
accident, but who is responsible and liable under those circumstances?
• Should we still pursue autonomous vehicles, or do we limit the
integration of this technology to create only semi-autonomous vehicles
which promote safety among drivers?
• The jury is still out on this, but these are the types of ethical debates
that are occurring as new, innovative AI technology develops.
AI and Ethics- Trending issues
3. Impact of AI on jobs
• Fear of job loss
4. Privacy
• data privacy, data protection and data security
• Various policies being drafted for data privacy and protection
5. Bias and discrimination
• How to safeguard against bias and discrimination when the training datasets can lend itself to
bias?
• AI within hiring practices, such as what data should you be able to use when evaluating a candidate for a
role.
• “IBM firmly opposes and will not condone uses of any technology, including facial recognition technology
offered by other vendors, for mass surveillance, racial profiling, violations of basic human rights and
freedoms, or any purpose which is not consistent with our values and Principles of Trust and
Transparency.” – IBM CEO Arvind Krishna