ROCKS

There are three types of rocks — igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
— that have formed over time in the Earth's different layers. A rock can
begin as one type and can change many times.
IGNEOUS ROCK
Are formed when magma (molten
rock deep within the earth) cools
and hardens. Sometimes the
magma cools inside the earth, and
other times it erupts onto the surface
from volcanoes (in this case, it is
called lava).
Latin word ignis= Fire
TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS: Based on Texture
1. Aphanitic rock has crystals that are too

fine-grained to be seen by the naked eye or
even with the help of a hand lens.
2. Phaneritic rock has grains that are coarse
enough to be visible to the eye.
3. Pegmatitic rock has crystals are greater
than 3 cm due to very slow cooling.
Earth and Life Science Q1-Week4 Types of Igneous Rocks

4. . Vesicular rock contains tiny holes called
vesicles due to gas bubbles in the lava or
magma.
5. Porphyritic are rocks where larger crystals

are embedded in smaller crystals.
6. Amygdaloidal is when vesicles are filled
by low-temperature minerals after the
solidification of magma.
7. Pyroclastic is formed from the
consolidation of individual rock fragments
that are ejected during a volcanic eruption.
Intrusive Igneous Rocks.
 They have
large crystals
of minerals
that formed
overtime
through slow
process of
crystallizatio
n in a
magma.
Extrusive Igneous Rocks.
 Are formed
through faster rate
of solidification of
lava on the surface
of Earth. They can
become glassy in
appearance due to
less crystallization
or vesicular
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
 Are formed from particles of sand, shells,
pebbles, and other fragments of material.
Together, all these particles are called
sediment. Gradually, the sediment
accumulates in layers and over a long period
of time hardens into rock.
 Generally, sedimentary rock is fairly soft and
may break apart or crumble easily.
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks.
➢It is formed
from the
mechanical
weathering
debris of
rocks.
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks.
 It is formed
when
dissolved
materials
precipitate
from
solution.
Organic Sedimentary Rocks.
 Formed
from the
build-up of
plant or
animal
debris.
METAMORPHIC
ROCK
 Are formed under the surface of the
earth from the metamorphosis (change)
that occurs due to intense heat and
pressure (squeezing). The rocks that
result from these processes often have
ribbonlike layers and may have shiny
crystals, formed by minerals growing
slowly over time, on their surface.
Foliated Metamorphic Rock
 Are formed
through
pressure due to
compression
of rocks that
create bands
called
foliation.
Non- Foliated Metamorphic
Rock
 It has no
foliation
or bands.
HOW ROCK
CHANGE
GNEISS
➢ This rock has ribbonlike layers.
➢ Gneiss forms from other rocks that have been squeezed
and heated for a long time deep within the earth’s crust.
➢ Gneiss can often be seen on mountainsides, where rocks
formed below the surface have been pushed up by
movements in the earth’s crust.
Basalt
➢ This rock has gas bubbles.
These bubbles form when hot
lava from a volcano contains
gases that escape from the rock
as the lava cools. This is basalt.
Usually very dark in color,
basalt is the most common rock
type in earth’s crust and makes
up most of the ocean floor.
LIMESTONE
➢ You can see fossils in this
rock. The fossils formed
when seashells and the
skeletons of marine animals
were compressed into the
sea floor, along with other
sediment. This rock is
called limestone, and is
often found near oceans and
lakes.
Conglomerate
➢ It is made up of pebbles, stones, and

smaller particles pressed together by
the action of waves or water. The
rock is often found in large expanses
or beds. Finding a bed of
conglomerate is a great clue that a
river or beach once existed in that
location.
Marble
➢ This rock has crystals. It is formed
when limestone is pushed down into
the earth and subjected to intense
heat and pressure for a long period of
time. Some marble is pure white,
while some has colorful swirls.
Marble is found in mountainsides
and quarries (pits dug into the earth)
and is often used in construction and
sculpture.
Obsidian
➢ This rock has a glassy

surface. It is created from
lava that cools so quickly that
no crystals can form on its
surface. It can be found near
volcanic lava flows, and was
often used to make
arrowheads because its edges
are very sharp.
Weathering
is the disintegration
(physical or mechanical) of rocks
by breaking them into smaller
pieces or the decomposition
(chemical) of rocks through
chemical reactions that change the
original rock-forming minerals.
Earth and Life Science Q1-Week2 Weathering

Processes in Physical Weathering
a. Frost wedging- when water gets inside the joints, alternate

freezing and thawing episodes pry the rock apart.
b. Salt crystal growth- force exerted by salt crystal that formed
as water evaporates from pore spaces or cracks in rocks can
cause the rock to fall apart

c. Abrasion – wearing away of rocks by
constant collision of loose particles.
d. Biological activity – plants and animals
as agents of mechanical weathering.
Processes in Chemical Weathering
a. Dissolution – dissociation of molecules into ions; common example

includes dissolution of calcite and salt
b. Oxidation- reaction between minerals and oxygen dissolved in
water
c. Hydrolysis- change in the composition of minerals when they react
with water.

Factors Affecting the Rate of Weathering
• Climate
• Rock Type
• Rock Structure
• Topography
• Time

Agents of Erosion
1. Running Water
2. Ocean or Sea Waves
3. Glaciers or Ice
4. Wind
5. Groundwater
6. Gravity

Controlling Factors in Mass Wasting
 Slope Angle
 Role of Water
 Presence of troublesome earth materials
 Weak materials and structures

Deposition
➢ The laying down of sediment carried
by wind, flowing water, the sea or ice.
Sediment can be transported as pebbles,
sand and mud, or as salts dissolved in
water. Salts may later be deposited by
organic activity (e.g. as sea shells) or
by evaporation
Classification of Mass Wasting
• Slope Failures (slump, rock fall/debris fall, and

rock slide/debris slide)
• Sediment Flow (slurry flow; solifluction, debris

flow, and mud flow, granular flow; creep, grain
flow, debris avalanche)

ROCKS

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There are three types of rocks — igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

1. Aphanitic rock has crystals that are too

Earth and Life Science Q1-Week4 Types of Igneous Rocks

5. Porphyritic are rocks where larger crystals

➢ It is made up of pebbles, stones, and

➢ This rock has a glassy

Earth and Life Science Q1-Week2 Weathering

a. Frost wedging- when water gets inside the joints, alternate

Earth and Life Science Q1-Week2 Weathering

a. Dissolution – dissociation of molecules into ions; common example

Earth and Life Science Q1-Week2 Weathering

Earth and Life Science Q1-Week2 Weathering

Earth and Life Science Q1-Week2 Weathering

Earth and Life Science Q1-Week2 Weathering

• Slope Failures (slump, rock fall/debris fall, and

• Sediment Flow (slurry flow; solifluction, debris

Earth and Life Science Q1-Week2 Weathering

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