Process of Communication

COMMUNICATION
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

• define communication;
• understand communication process and;
• differentiate verbal from nonverbal
communication.
Communication is the transmission of ideas and
emotions between or among persons with the use of
verbal and nonverbal cues.
Communication is a two-way process of connecting

to both living and non-
living things. It is also a means of sharing and
exchanging messages, information, ideas, and feelings
for mutual understanding (Gregoriom, J.C., 2015).
The word communication comes from the latin
word communis, which means "common." To be
common means to come together or to share
something in common together. Communication helps
people to adapt to or survive in the place they live in.
Let us further define communication using the two key terms stated above,
"message” and “understand”.
1. Communication is a message understood.
Unless a message is understood, we cannot say that communication has

taken place. Let us send a message to someone and say, “where came
first”. The person who gets this message would wonder what it means, for
the arrangement of the words does not make any sense. The message is
sent but the receiver does not understand it. Therefore, for communication
to take place, we have to consider two conditions. First, there should be a
clear message. Second, the message must be understood by the receiver for
whom it is meant.
2. Communication is social interaction through messages.
Think of someone telling, “It is very warm today.” In this

case, we are communicating what ‘we experience’. The
weather being warm is what we feel or experience physically.
In this scenario, we are sharing our feeling or experience with
someone else. Thus, we may say that “communication is a
sharing of experience.” In our society, we all interact with
messages. Without interactions, a society cannot survive.
Social interaction is always through messages.
VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Verbal communication, also called spoken communication,

is the process or act of conveying one's thoughts or ideas
using speech. Sounds and language are used for relaying the
message that one needs others to know.
EXAMPLES
• Telephone conversations
• Job interviews
• Speeches
• Classroom Teaching
• Casual Conversations
NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Nonverbal communication refers to the use of wordless

cues in order to convey a message. These cues include facial
expressions, hand gestures, body language, and the tone,
pitch, and volume of voice. Even when one is using words,
there is also nonverbal communication involved.
EXAMPLES
• Shaking your head

• Smiling
• Blank stare
PROCESS OF
COMMUNICATION
The communication process starts with a stimulus, an idea or
a concept that is activated by the sender. The
sender encodes the message into words and expresses his
thoughts in proper sequence. The message is then heard and
interpreted or decoded by the receiver. After that, the receiver
provides feedback and becomes a sender. The first sender
then receives the feedback and decodes its message to provide
feedback.
As the communication transaction continues, the sender and
receiver may exchange roles until understanding is achieved.
Barriers to communication sometimes block the transmission
of the message thereby creating misunderstanding.
Through this process, we are able to understand that
communication is systematic. In the advent of technology, the
exchange of information and messages in society has
advanced and has been a subject of many studies.
QUESTIONS???
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

• define communication;
• understand communication process and;
• differentiate verbal from nonverbal
communication.
COMMUNICATION
MODELS
A. Linear Model
The linear communication model presents
communication as a one-way activity in which
information flows from the sender to the receiver.
This process shows only a passive receiver. Feedback is
not a requirement, and the role of the receiver is only to
accept information.
Shannon-Weaver Model
An example of linear type of communication is the
Shannon-Weaver model (1949). It is also considered as
the mother of all communication models. It has a one-
way process starting from a source (producer of
message); passing through a channel (signals adapted
for transmission) which may at times be interrupted by
noise (barrier) to a receiver (decoder of message from
the signal). The process stops after the message has
arrived at its destination.
Examples:
1. listening to the radio

2. watching the news on television
B. Interactive Model
The interactive communication model shows a two-
way activity. The sender and the receiver have the same
role in the activity: either one comes up with an idea,
sends a message, and reacts to a concept. The model
involves feedback, an element missing from the linear
communication model. It may also include noise, an
element that affects the interpretation of the message.
Schramm Model
Schramm (1954) visualized the process of communication as
an exchange of thoughts and ideas. Feedback was added to
the Shannon-Weaver model. The recipient of the message
decodes it and creates a feedback based on his understanding
of the information sent and vice versa.
The figure identifies the six elements of communication
which are the sender, the message sent, the receiver and the
feedback provided by the receiver and sent back as a
response to the sender and the processes of encoding and
decoding.
Examples:
1. Telephone Conversation
2. Interview
3. Casual Conversation
C. Transactional Model
The transactional model presents communication not
only as a two-way process but also a simultaneous
activity. Senders and receivers are
called participants since they are both capable of
sending or receiving messages anytime or at the same
time.
The noise and the environment are the other elements
that affect the process. The noise is any distraction that
affects the interpretation of the message.
In this concept, the noise or barrier to
communication is also taken into
consideration for it may directly or indirectly
affect the smooth flow of communication. In
the event that the message was not clearly
conveyed due to the barrier, the
communication continues in order to clarify
the intended meaning of the sender.
Helical Model
The helical model has basic elements that are similar
to the other communication models. However, unlike
those models, it promotes an upward and forward
movement. It shows that knowledge increases as the
interaction goes on.
Also, the helical model proposes that communication
starts at birth and evolves as one grows up, and that
one's responses depend on past experiences. So, there is
not only a forward movement in the process but also
some looking back involved.
Example:
1. The learning of a new word

QUESTIONS???
ELEMENTS OF
COMMUNICATION
Participants
The participants are the communicators who

can be both senders and receivers. A sender
transmits the information to the receiver, and
the receiver decodes the message in order to
formulate a response.
Context
Context refers to the interrelated conditions affecting the

message. These include physical, social, psychological, and
cultural factors.
Physical context refers to the place, time, environment, and
distance between communicators. Social context refers to the
relationship of the communicators, whereas psychological
context refers to their moods and feelings. Cultural
context includes the beliefs and norms of the participants.
Message
The main point of having communication is the

message. The message is the idea or
information that the sender would like to
convey to the receiver. It is thus important that
the message is stated clearly and in a way that is
understandable to the receiver.
Channel
The channel is the means of delivering the

message. It can be a face-to-face
conversation, a letter, a phone call, an e-
mail, or the social media.
Feedback
The feedback is the response of the receiver.

This helps the sender of the message to
determine whether the message was understood
by the receiver. If the participants of the
conversation continue giving feedback, the flow
of communication continues.
QUESTIONS???

Process of Communication

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COMMUNICATION

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

Communication is a two-way process of connecting

1. Communication is a message understood.

Unless a message is understood, we cannot say that communication has

Think of someone telling, “It is very warm today.” In this

Verbal communication, also called spoken communication,

Nonverbal communication refers to the use of wordless

• Shaking your head

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. listening to the radio

1. The learning of a new word

The participants are the communicators who

Context refers to the interrelated conditions affecting the

The main point of having communication is the

The channel is the means of delivering the

The feedback is the response of the receiver.

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