GRAMMATICAL

SIGNALS
-are writing devices such as transitional devices,
connectors, determiners, and repetitions that are
used to maintain text coherence.
Transitional devices-are words or phrases that help carry thought from one sentence
to another, from one idea to another.

(and, again, and then, besides, equally important,finally,further,

furthermore,nor,too,next,lastly
,what’s more, moreover, in addition, first)

Connectors-is a word that connects the ideas of two different sentences, phrases, or
sections.

(Nevertheless, Still, Yet, Even so)

Determiners- is a word that is used to modify or introduce the noun in a sentence.

(a,an,the,some,each,every,this,that,these,those,my,mine,our,
your,his,her,their)

Repetitions- is when a single word or phrase is used multiple times in short succession
for effect.

(Time after time, Heart-to-heart, Hand in hand,Get ready,get set,go, Home sweet
home,It is what it is)
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson the students are expected
to:
a.determine the different pattern of idea
development;
b.discuss each of the five patterns
(General to Particular, Cause and Effect, & Claim
and Counterclaim,Problem Solution, Persuasion)
and;
c.create a paragraph about school issues using an
appropriate pattern of idea development with
appropriate grammatical signals.
Pattern of idea development -refers to
the structure of writing on how the ideas are
being presented.

Idea development-is essential in writing.

This is done by organizing ideas in a logical
and clear manner that suits the writer’s
purpose. To achieve this, it is necessary to use
appropriate grammatical signals or
expressions.
A. General to Particular
-This pattern of idea development discusses the general topic by presenting specific
details that support the topic. The writer starts with the general idea stated in the
topic sentence. Then, it is elaborated and explained through specific details and
examples. In other words, general to particular pattern is a deductive method of
organization.

general statement

specific details
 Example:
Clouds can be classified into three major
General groups. High clouds are a group of clouds that
are 5-13 km. away from the Earth’s surface.
Examples of these clouds are known as
Cirrus, Cirrostratus, and Cirrocumulus. Middle
clouds are another group of clouds that are 2-
7 km. away from the Earth’s surface.
Examples of middle clouds are Altocumulus Particular
and Altostratus. Low clouds are the last group
of clouds. They are 2 km. away from the
Earth’s surface. Specifically, these clouds are
the Stratus, Stratocumulus, and Nimbostratus.
With these being said, these clouds are
grouped according to their distance from the
Earth’s surface.
 The Effect of Global Warming

The impact that global warming causing on

earthis extremely serious. There are many
hazardous effects that will happen in the future
if global warming continues. For instance,
melting of polar ice caps, leading to an
increase in sea level drowning coastlines and
slowly submerging continents are some of the
specific effects of global warming.
These are the other grammatical signals
that can be used for general to particular
pattern of idea development:

also, for example, as an example, in

addition, in addition to, for instance,
examples of these, first, second, third, next,
on one hand, and on the other hand.
B. Cause and Effect
-This pattern of idea development explains the causes or the effects of something.
When a writer presents reasons, he or she is explaining the causes. When a writer
explains the results, he or she is explaining the effects.

Example:
Regular exercise brings many benefits to your health.
First, it improves blood circulation and can result to a
strong heart. Because of these, it reduces the risk of heart
Cause disease, high cholesterol, and diabetes. When you
exercise, your bones and muscles will be strengthened
which can slow down the loss of bone density that comes
when you age. As a result, it can help you maintain or
increase your muscle mass and strength. Also, regular
exercise improves your mental health and mood. During
an exercise, your body releases chemicals that can Effect
improve your mood and make you feel more relaxed. As
an effect, it can help you deal with stress and reduce your
risk of depression. These are the benefits that you get
when you exercise.
Baby painted turtles spend all
winter in their nests. They have
special chemicals in their blood
that keep their blood freezing. As
a result, baby painted turtles can
survive freezing temperatures.
These are the other grammatical signals
that can be used for cause and effect
pattern of idea development:

Cause: if, for, since, due to, because, owing

to, because of, one cause, and resulting
from

Effect: so, thus, hence, then, therefore, as a

result, in effect, as consequence,
consequently, leads to, one of the effects is,
and that is why
C. Claim and Counterclaim
-This pattern of idea development refers to the structure of presenting a side of an
issue in an argumentative manner. A claim is the writer’s stand on a topic supported
by evidences and logical reasoning. Also, the writer presents the counterclaim or
the opposite stand of an issue to disprove it through evidences and logical
reasoning.

Claim-is a statement or declaration of belief, stance, or opinion. It is an arguable

idea used to support or prove an argument.

-A claim tells what you think is true about the topic based on your knowledge and
your research.

Counterclaim- is just the opposite of a claim. It is an idea that opposes or is

against a claim.
-is a statement that provides data to explain why/ or how a claim is valid.
-Counterclaims are also provable and supportable by reasons and evidence.

Reasons and evidence are important in this because they support and explain
the validity of an argument.

.
 Argument/Claim

Example:
People believe that rock music can make teenagers rebellious
Claim-
because of its lyrics but, I don’t think it is enough to make them go
counterclaim against society. They say rock music concentrates mostly on
antisocial subjects which influence teenagers’ view toward society.
However, a study shows that an average teenager would not take
the music seriously, for he or she concentrates more on the musical
Counterclaim value of the song rather than the inner meaning of the lyrics. Thus,
even though the lyrics in rock music show social rebellion, it does
not make teenagers rebel against society.
Some teachers do not allow students to use cellphones during
classes. However, using them in class has advantages.
Cellphones are useful for students in searching definitions and
relevant information. They can check pronunciations and
browse pictures to fully understand concepts. Another
advantage is their cellphones make note-taking more
convenient. Students don’t need to take down long notes from
the board, and can just take photos and record the teacher’s
discussions instead. Furthermore, it also serves as an
alternative calculator in Math subjects. Because of this teachers
view cellphones as a distraction to students, they are still very
useful. Therefore, with proper supervision and monitoring,
cellphones can be very beneficial to students during classes.
Here are the other transitional devices that
can be used for claimcounterclaim pattern
of idea development:

however, nevertheless, on one hand, on the

other hand, admittedly, some people say,
some may say, of course, nevertheless, and
but not only that
D. Problem Solution

This pattern of idea development is used when a writer

identifies a problem and addresses it by presenting one or
more solutions. A problem refers to the unsatisfactory
situation that causes troubles or difficulties. A solution on the
other hand, refers to the ways in solving or minimizing the
problem.
 Example:

Drug abuse is one of the leading social issues in many

countries. This problem has been the cause of many crimes
Problem and health concerns. However, the threat of prohibited drugs
can be fought. One way to solve this is through education.
Everyone needs to be educated about the dangers of using
prohibited drugs. People need to be aware of the harmful
effects of these drugs to their health, family, career, and
society. Another solution is to increase police manpower and Solution
create effective laws to stop dealers. If the authorities will
strictly impose these laws, this problem will be addressed.
Drug abuse is a threat, but if the community and the
government will act together, this problem will be controlled.
Obesity has become a major health issue
for North Americans, and this problem is
aggravated by lack of physical activity in
large segments of the population. In
addition to healthier eating habits, one
solution would be make to make it easier
for obese North Americans to exercise on
a daily basis. This could be done at work,
before and after shift, to ensure full
participation in the program. This program
would be beneficial to obese employees
as they would be required to participate
twice daily to help decrease obesity
among North Americans.
Here are the grammatical signals to
be used for problem-solution pattern
of idea development:

because, cause, since, as a result, in

order to, and so that, as a solution,
and one way
E. Persuasion

This pattern of idea development intends to

convince the readers to do or believe in
something. It allows the writer to express his or her
personal viewpoints about a topic to convince the
readers. This pattern of idea development is based
on opinions and emotions
Example:
A school bazaar is something you don’t want to
miss! Aside from the wonderful experience,
attending it is truly a great help. First, a school
bazaar is filled with fun activities. There are
amusing games, great rides, and entertaining
attractions! Besides that, your ticket purchase
will help the school. Not only that, but it also
gives you a chance to win fabulous prizes. So,
what are you waiting for? Join now and
experience the fun!
Emotion, Expressions of Persuasion used:

‘amusing’, ‘great’, ‘entertaining’, ‘don’t want to miss’,

‘wonderful experience’, ‘what are you waiting for’, ‘join
now’, and ‘experience the fun.’
There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best
countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent
health care system. All Canadians have access to
medical services at a reasonable prize. Second, Canada
has a high standard of education. Students are taught by
well trained teachers. Third, Canda’s cities are clean
and efficiently managed. Canada cities have many parks
and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada
is a desirable place to live.

Emotion, Expressions of Persuasion used: One of

the best, excellent and desirable
Here are some of the other
grammatical signals and expressions
of persuasion:

come, free, need, must, must not,

necessary, latest, hurry, join, help,
best, better, great, proven, trusted,
create, come along, urgent, amazing
experience, avail now, I believe, I urge,
don't miss, can do it, and one of a
kind.
9. What pattern of idea development is used in the paragraph below?
Other people say that the tobacco industry helps our economy; however, cigarettes
still bring a lot of problems. First, the smoke from cigarettes is harmful to the health
of both smokers and non-smokers. It is known to be the leading cause of lung cancer
which may result to death. Second, it contributes to air pollution. Despite it boosting
our economy, I strongly believe that the mentioned negative effects are more valid for
people to stop consuming cigarettes.
A. cause-and-effect C. general-to-particular
B. claim-counterclaim D. persuasion

10. What pattern of idea development is used in the paragraph below?

Generations are classified into different groups. Baby boomers are born from the
year 1946 to 1964. They're currently 56-74 years old. Generation X is another group
that is born from the year 1965 to 1980. People in this generation are currently 40-55
years old. Generation Y or Millennials are those who are born from the year 1980 to
1995. They are currently 24-39 years old. Lastly, Generation Z is the newest
generation being named. People in this generation are born from the year 1996 to
2015. They are currently 5-24 years old. People do come from different generations.
The differences in the different generation is not only evident in these terminologies
but also in the way they see, do and accomplish things. Thus, these classification is
often used to capture patterns of behavior of people belonging to the same
generation.
A. cause-and-effect C. general-to-particular
B. claim-counterclaim D. persuasion