Data Communications Network
Basics and OSI Internetworking
Version: V1.1
Course Objectives
After completing this course, you will be able to:
• Understand basic concepts of datacom and data networks.
• Be familiar with the OSI reference model.
• Be familiar with the data communication process.
Contents
Basic Concepts of Datacom Networks
OSI Reference Model
Basic Concepts of Data Networks
Computer
Computer
Server
• What are protocols?
• What is data?
Basic Concepts of Data Networks: Hub
Hub Server
• Collision
• Collision domain
Basic Concepts of Data Networks: Ethernet Switch
• Switching
• Unicast
• Multicast
• Broadcast
Switch Server
• Broadcast domain
Basic Concepts of Data Networks: Ethernet Switch
• Switching of data frames
• Access of terminal devices
• Access security
• Broadcast domain isolation (VLAN)
• Layer 2 link redundancy, loop prevention,
and load balancing
Basic Concepts of Data Networks: Router
Internet
Router
LAN 1 LAN 2
Basic Concepts of Data Networks: Router
• Maintaining routing tables and routing information
• Route discovery and path selection
• Data forwarding
• Broadcast domain isolation
• WAN access, address translation, and security functions
Basic Concepts of Data Networks: Multilayer Switching Network
Servers
User terminals
What Is Network Topology
Internet Internet
Network Technology Development
Summary Plan, implement, fault rectification, optimization
Macro
-> Micro
-> Macro Lower Layers Underlying working mechanism of protocols and details about packets
Protocol How are OSPF neighbor relationships established? How does STP work?
How How can OSPF be configured, verified, and queried?
What What are routing and switching?
Contents
Basic Concepts of Datacom Networks
OSI Reference Model
OSI Internetworking
Concept:
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a flexible, robust, and interoperable model defined by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It is a great model but not a protocol. The OSI
model is used to analyze and design network architecture.
Objective:
To standardize communication functions of different systems without changing the underlying
hardware or software logic.
OSI layers:
The OSI divides a networking system into seven layers, starting from the physical layer, data link
layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, and application layer.
Some Advantages of OSI Model
• Allow network communication between smaller, simpler components, assisting the development,
design, and troubleshooting of each component.
• Standardize network components so that they can be developed by multiple vendors.
• Standardize the industry by defining the functions of each layer in the model.
• Allow communication between different types of network hardware and software.
• Facilitate development by preventing modifications on one layer from affecting the other layers.
OSI Reference Model
7.Application
Upper layers: 6.Presentation
responsible for 5.Session
data transmission 4.Transport
between hosts
3.Network
Lower layers:
2.Data Link
responsible for
1.Physical
network data
transmission
OSI Reference Model
7.Application Provides system application interfaces.
Translates data formats to ensure that the application-layer data of one
6.Presentation system can be identified by the application layer of another system.
Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between
5.Session communicating parties.
Establishes, maintains, and cancels end-to-end data transfer, controls
4.Transport the transmission rate, and adjusts the data sequences.
Defines logical addresses and transfers data from the source to the
3.Network destination.
Encapsulates data into frames, transmits data in P2P or P2MP mode,
2.Data Link and controls error checking.
Transmits bit flows over transmission media and defines electrical and
1.Physical physical specifications.
OSI Reference Model
7.Application
6.Presentation
Characteristics:
5.Session
Each layer has its function set.
4.Transport
Each layer is independent of one another but also dependent.
3.Network
An upper layer is dependent on its lower layer, and a lower layer
2.Data Link provides services to its upper layer.
1.Physical
Layer 7: Application Layer
• Provides interfaces for application software so that
7.Application
applications can use network services.
6.Presentation • Commonly used protocols:
http(80), ftp(20/21), smtp(25), pop3(110), telnet(23),
5.Session
and dns(53)
4.Transport
3.Network
2.Data Link
1.Physical
Layer 6: Presentation Layer
7.Application
6.Presentation • Data coding and decoding
• Data encryption and decryption
5.Session • Data compression and decompression
• Commonly used standards:
4.Transport
• ASCII
3.Network • JPEG
• …
2.Data Link
1.Physical
Layer 5: Session Layer
7.Application
6.Presentation
• Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions
5.Session
between presentation-layer entities.
4.Transport • Provides session control between devices or nodes.
• Coordinates communications between systems.
3.Network
2.Data Link
1.Physical
Layer 4: Transport Layer
7.Application
6.Presentation
• Fragments and reassembles data from upper-layer
5.Session applications.
• Provides end-to-end data transmission.
4.Transport
• Protocols:
3.Network • TCP
• UDP
2.Data Link
1.Physical
Layer 3: Network Layer
7.Application
6.Presentation
5.Session
4.Transport • Defines logical addresses (Layer 3 addresses).
• Performs addressing and transmits packets from
3.Network the source to the destination.
• Performs routing and maintains routing tables.
2.Data Link
1.Physical
Layer 3: Network Layer
Device: router
• Maintaining routing tables and routing information
• Route discovery and path selection
• Data forwarding
• Broadcast domain isolation
• WAN access, address translation, and security functions
Layer 3: Network Layer
Logical address: IP address
An IP address identifies a node or an interface on an IP
network and is used for the addressing of packets.
Source address: 192.168.1.1
Data
Destination address: 192.168.2.1
IP network
192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1
Layer 3: Network Layer
Routing
IP packets
IP network
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
7.Application
6.Presentation
5.Session
4.Transport
• Provides reliable node-to-node data transmission on
3.Network
unreliable physical links.
2.Data Link • Frame reassembly, physical addressing, flow
control, error control, and access control
1.Physical
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
• The data link layer is above the physical layer and provides services to the
network layer.
• The data link layer provides reliable data transmission over physical links.
• Data link layer protocols for LANs include Ethernet and token ring.
• Data link layer protocols for WANs include PPP, HDLC, and Frame Relay.
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
Ethernet Layer 2 logical address: MAC address
Ethernet frame format
Destination Source MAC
Preamble Length/Type Data FCS
MAC Address Address
4C-34-88-58-60-6A
Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) Extension flag (Assigned by vendors)
A Media Access Control (MAC) address is a physical or hardware address
used to identify the location of a network device.
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
Device: switch
• Each switch port is a collision domain.
• A switch belongs to a broadcast domain.
• Switches use MAC addresses for addressing. 1 2 3
Layer 1: Physical Layer
7.Application
6.Presentation
5.Session
• Defines physical features of interfaces and transmission
4.Transport media.
• Defines bit encoding, data transmission rates, and
3.Network
transmission modes (simplex, half duplex, and full duplex).
2.Data Link • Defines physical network topologies (mesh, star, ring, and
bus).
1.Physical
• Transmits bits from one hop (node) to another (node).
Layer 1: Physical Layer
• The physical layer defines specifications for signals, connectors, and cables.
• Interfaces and connectors:
Layer 1: Physical Layer
Cabling of category 5 twisted pairs
Side 1 Side 2 Side 1 Side 2
Side 1 1=white/orange 1=white/orange Side 1 1=white/orange 1=white/green
12345678 12345678
2=orange 2=orange 2=orange 2=green
3=white/green 3=white/green 3=white/green 3=white/orange
4=blue 4=blue 4=blue 4=blue
5=white/blue 5=white/blue 5=white/blue 5=white/blue
6=green 6=green 6=green 6=orange
12345678 7=white/brown 7=white/brown 12345678 7=white/brown 7=white/brown
Side 2 Side 2
8=brown 8=brown 8=brown 8=brown
Straight-through cable Crossover cable
Layer 1: Physical Layer
Optical fiber connectors
FC/PC connector SC/PC connector
ST/PC connector FC/PC-SC/PC connector
Layer 1: Physical Layer
Device: hub
• All devices connecting to a hub belong to the same collision domain.
• All devices connecting to a hub belong to the same broadcast domain.
• All devices share bandwidth.
OSI Reference Model
7.Application Provides system application interfaces.
Translates data formats to ensure that the application-layer data of one
6.Presentation system can be identified by the application layer of another system.
Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between
5.Session communicating parties.
Establishes, maintains, and cancels end-to-end data transfer, controls
4.Transport the transmission rate, and adjusts the data sequences.
Defines logical addresses and transfers data from the source to the
3.Network destination.
Encapsulates data into frames, transmits data in P2P or P2MP mode,
2.Data Link and controls error checking.
Transmits bit flows over transmission media and defines electrical and
1.Physical physical specifications.
Data Transmission in the OSI Model
A B
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network
Network Network
Data Link
Data Link Data Link
Physical
Physical Physical
Data Transmission in the OSI Model - Encapsulation
Application
Presentation
Session DATA PDU
Transport TCP Header DATA Segment
Network IP Header Payload Packet
Data Link Eth Header Payload FCS Frame
Physical 001001011010100 Bit
Data Transmission in the OSI Model - Decapsulation
Application
Presentation
Session DATA PDU
Transport
eader
DATA Segment
TCP H
Network der Payload Packet
IP Hea
Data Link
ader
Payload FCS Frame
Eth He
Physical 001001011010100 Bit
