Cellular respiration is a three-stage aerobic process where glucose and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. It occurs in the cells of all living things. The three stages are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria and uses pyruvate to produce more ATP, NADH, and FADH2. The electron transport chain uses the NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthase to produce the majority of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Cellular respiration is a three-stage aerobic process where glucose and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. It occurs in the cells of all living things. The three stages are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria and uses pyruvate to produce more ATP, NADH, and FADH2. The electron transport chain uses the NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthase to produce the majority of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Cellular respiration is a three-stage aerobic process where glucose and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. It occurs in the cells of all living things. The three stages are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria and uses pyruvate to produce more ATP, NADH, and FADH2. The electron transport chain uses the NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthase to produce the majority of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Cellular respiration is a three-stage aerobic process where glucose and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. It occurs in the cells of all living things. The three stages are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria and uses pyruvate to produce more ATP, NADH, and FADH2. The electron transport chain uses the NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthase to produce the majority of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
SCIENCE 9 | QUARTER 1 | WEEK 7
JOHN LOUIE M. GARCIA
2
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular respiration is the aerobic process by which living cells break down glucose molecules, release energy, and form molecules of ATP. The three-stage process involves glucose and oxygen reacting to form carbon dioxide and water. It occurs in the cells of all living things, both autotrophs and heterotrophs. The overall breakdown of glucose during the cellular respiration is shown below:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Notice that the process is the reverse of photosynthesis.
The products of photosynthesis are the reactants in cellular respiration, and the reactants in photosynthesis are the products in cellular respiration. The reactions of cellular respiration can be grouped into three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (also called the citric acid cycle), and electron transport.
9/3/20XX 3 Glycolysis It is the process of breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing ATP. It takes place in the cytosol of the cytoplasm. The word glycolysis means “glucose splitting”. In glycolysis, the 6-carbon sugar, glucose, is broken down into two molecules of a 3-carbon molecule called pyruvate (also known as pyruvic acid). This change is accompanied by a net gain of 2 ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) molecules and 2 NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) molecules.
4 Structure of Mitochondrion
Krebs cycle and electron transport
happen in mitochondrion. It is considered as the powerhouse of the cell. It plays an important role in the breakdown of food molecules to release the stored energy in the form of ATP.
5 Primary Parts and Function: The structure of the mitochondrion is adapted to the function it performs:
▪ Outer membrane – contains transport proteins that
enable the shuttling of pyruvate from the cytosol ▪ Inner membrane – contains the electron transport chain and ATP synthase (used for oxidative phosphorylation) ▪ Cristae – the inner membrane is arranged into folds that increase the ratio of surface area and volume of the organelle. ▪ Intermembrane space – small space between membranes maximizes hydrogen gradient upon proton accumulation ▪ Matrix – central cavity that contains appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the Krebs cycle to occur 6 Krebs Cycle
The Krebs Cycle, named after Sir Hans Krebs, is a
sequence of reactions in the living organism in which oxidation of acetic acid or acetyl equivalent provides energy for storage in phosphate bonds (as in ATP). It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and generates a pool of chemical energy (ATP, NADH, and FADH2) from the oxidation of pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis. Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and loses carbon dioxide to form Acetyl-CoA (coenzyme A), a 2- carbon molecule. When acetyl-CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide in the Krebs cycle, chemical energy is released and captured in the form of NADH, FADH2, and ATP. 7 Stages: 1. The acetyl-CoA combines with a 4-carbon compound oxaloacetic acid to form a 6-carbon compound known as the citric acid. Krebs cycle is also known as citric acid cycle. 2. Citric acid is broken down into two molecules of CO2 and generates one ATP molecule, three NADH, and one FADH2, FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) is another electron carrier similar to NAD. Since there are two molecules of pyruvate formed during the glycolysis stage, there will be two “turns” of the Krebs cycle, for each glucose molecule. 3. Finally, acetyl-CoA and citric acid are generated and the cycle continues. 8 9
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN The electron transport chain (ETC) is a cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to form a gradient of protons that drives the creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is used by the cell as the energy for metabolic processes for cellular functions. ETC allows the release of the large amount of chemical energy stored in reduced NAD+ (NADH) and reduced FAD (FADH2). The energy released is captured in the form of ATP (3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2)
