Complex Numbers

A complex number is a number that can be written in the

form a+bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is the
imaginary unit defined by i^2 = -1 . The set of complex
numbers, denoted by C, includes the set of real numbers
(R) and the set of pure imaginary numbers.
Based on the nature of the real part and imaginary part, any
complex number can be classified into four types:
 imaginary number
 zero complex number
 purely imaginary number
 purely real number.
For Z=a+ib, the following four cases arise:
a≠0 b≠0 ⟹ a+ib: imaginary number
a=0 b=0 ⟹ 0+i0: zero complex number
a=0 b≠0 ⟹ ib: purely imaginary number
a≠0 b=0 ⟹ a: purely real number.
One thing you have to remember is the following:
Every real number is a complex number, but every complex number is not
necessarily a real number.

The set of all complex numbers is denoted by Z∈C.

The set of all imaginary numbers is denoted as Z∈C−R.
Complex numbers are often represented on the complex plane, sometimes
known as the Argand plane or Argand diagram. In the complex plane, there
are a real axis and a perpendicular, imaginary axis. The complex
number a+bi is graphed on this plane just as the ordered pair (a,b) would be
graphed on the Cartesian coordinate plane. The real axis corresponds to the x-
axis and the imaginary axis corresponds to the y-axis.
It is often convenient to introduce polar coordinates in a complex plane.
The polar coordinates  and  of the point, which represents the complex
number z  x  iy are denoted as   z and   arg z .  is called the
modulus or the absolute value of z and  is called the argument, or
amplitude ,or phase, of z .
As is known,   x  y , x   cos , and y   sin  .This implies, by (1) ,
2 2

that
z   (cos  i sin  ) (2)
Hence, each complex number can be written in the so-called trigonometric
form (2).
The modulus of a complex number is a certain uniquely defined non-
negative real number whereas the argument is defined within an integral

multiple of 2 . For instance, i  1 and Argi 
2
 2k k  0,1,2,.... The
sign Argz denotes the totality of all the possible values of the argument of
a complex number z .Thus, Argz has infinitely many different values.
There is, however, one and only one value of Argz , denoted as arg z
,which satisfies the inequality    arg z   ; arg z is called the principal
value of the argument.
  y
 arctan , if x  0
x
 y
   arctan , if x  0, y  0
 x
 y
arg z     arctan , if x  0, y  0
 x
 
, if x  0, y  0
 2
 
  , if x  0, y  0
 2
Complex Numbers Arithmetic
Adding complex numbers follows the algebraic principle of combining
like terms. The real parts of complex numbers are considered to be alike
and, likewise, the complex parts are considered to be alike.
Addition of Complex Numbers:
Given complex numbers a+bi and c+di, their sum is
(a+c)+(b+d)i.
Example: What is (4+3i)+(2+2i)?

Adding the real and imaginary parts separately, we get

4+3i+2+2i = (4+2) + (3+2)i = 6+5i.
A few additional examples:
 (3−4i)+(3+2i)=6−2i
 (4−2i)−(−2−5i)=6+3i

 (3i)+(3+5i)=3+8i

Multiplying complex numbers follows the principle of multiplying binomials. One

notable difference is that when the imaginary terms are multiplied, it produces a
real number.
Multiplication of Complex Numbers:
Given two complex numbers a+bi and c+di, their product is
(a+bi)×(c+di)=a(c+di)+bi(c+di)=(ac)+(ad)i+(bc)i+(bd)i2=(ac)+(ad+bc)i+(bd)(−1)=(ac−b
d)+(ad+bc)i.
Example:What is (3+2i)(4−2i)?

Solution 1:
By the definition above, a=3,b=2,c=4,d=−2, so the product is
(12−(−4))+(−6+8)i=16+2i. □
Solution 2:
Working out the product from first principles, we have
(3+2i)(4-2i) = 3(4-2i)+2i(4-2i) = 12-6i + 8i -4i^2 = 16 +2i.
If we use the trigonometric form z1  1 (cos1  i sin 1 ) ,
z 2   2 (cos  2  i sin  2 ) then the product z1 z 2 can be written as
z   (cos  i sin  )  1 cos1  i sin 1  2 cos 2  i sin  2  
1  2 cos1 cos 2  i cos1 sin  2  i sin 1 cos 2  sin 1 sin  2  
1  2 cos1   2   i sin 1   2 

Therefore,   1  2 ,   1 2 i.e. z1 z 2  z1  z 2 ,

Arg z1 z 2   Argz1  Argz2
Hence, when complex numbers are multiplied their moduli are multiplied
and their arguments are added.
Reciprocal and division. Using the conjugation, the reciprocal of a nonzero
complex number z  x  iy can always be broken down to
1 z z z x y
  2  2  2 i 2
z zz z x y 2
x y 2
x  y2

Since nonzero implies that x 2

 y 2
is greater than zero.
This can be used to express a division of an arbitrary complex number
z1  x1  iy1 by a nonzero complex number z 2  x2  iy 2 :

z1 z1 z 2 z1 z 2 z1 x1 x2  y1 y 2 x2 y1  x1 y 2
  2  i 2
z2 z2 z2 z2 or z2 x2  y 2
2 2
x2  y 22
 z1 1

In trigonometric form z 2   2 cos1   2   i sin 1   2 


z1 z1  z1 

i.e. z 2 z 2 , Arg  z 2   Argz1  Argz2

5. The real part Re z and the imaginary part Im z of the complex number z

are expressed through conjugate complex numbers as follows:

z  z Im z  i z  z  z  z
Re z 
2 , 2 2i
6. Each complex number can be written in the so-called exponential form

z  e i ,where   z ,  Argz