TCP/IP

PRESENTED BY
GIRASHREE SAHU
DEPT-CSE/MCA
TCP/IP
TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet
Protocol. The TCP/IP model was developed prior to the
OSI model.
The TCP/IP model consists of five layers:
 application layer, transport layer, network layer, data
link layer and physical layer.
The first four layers of TCP/IP which provide physical
standards, network interface, internetworking, and
transport functions, corresponds to the first four layers
of the OSI model.
Session, Presentation and Application layer
represented by a single layer called the Application layer.
The Network Interface Layer/Internet
Layer
Also called a network access layer.
It helps to define details of how data should be sent
physically using the same network.
Includes how bits should optically be signaled by hardware
devices which directly interfaces with a network medium
(coaxial, optical, coaxial, fiber, or twisted-pair cables).
It encapsulate the IP datagram (packets in IP layer) into
frames transmitted by the network and mapping of IP
addresses into physical addresses.
The main responsibility of the internet layer is to send the
packets from any network, and they arrive at the
destination irrespective of the route they take.
FRAME: data that is transmitted between network points as
a unit complete with addressing and necessary protocol
control information
Protocols of N/W layer
1. IP Protocol:
IP Addressing:
 used by the internet and higher layers to identify
the device and to provide internetwork routing.
Host-to-host communication:
 Itdetermines the path through which the data is
to be transmitted.
Data Encapsulation and Formatting:
 IP protocol ensures that the data is sent and
received securely, it encapsulates the data into
message known as IP datagram.
Fragmentation and Reassembly:
Fragmentation can be done by the sender or
intermediate router.
At the receiver side, all the fragments are reassembled to
form an original message.
Routing:
When IP datagram is sent over the same local network
such as LAN, MAN, WAN, it is known as direct delivery.
When source and destination are on the distant
network, then the IP datagram is sent indirectly.
This can be accomplished by routing the IP datagram
through various devices such as routers.
2. ARP Protocol
ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol.
ARP is used to find the physical address from the IP
address.
3. RARP Protocol
 RARP stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
 It allows a host to discover its internet address when it knows
only its physical address.
4. ICMP Protocol
 ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol.
 It is a mechanism used by the hosts or routers to send
notifications regarding datagram problems back to the
sender.
5. IGMP Protocol
Stands for Internet Group Management Protocol
(IGMP)
It allows several devices to share one IP address so
they can all receive the same data.
IGMP is a network layer protocol used to set up
multicasting on networks that use the Internet Protocol
version 4 (IPv4).
Transport Layer
Transport layer provides data transport from a
process on a source system machine to a process on
a destination system. It is hosted using single or
multiple networks, and also maintains the quality
of service functions.
It determines how much data should be sent
where and at what rate.
This layer builds on the message which are
received from the application layer. It helps ensure
that data units are delivered error-free and in
sequence.
Important functions of Transport Layers:
It divides the message received from the session layer
into segments and numbers them to make a sequence.
Transport layer makes sure that the message is delivered
to the correct process on the destination machine.
It also makes sure that the entire message arrives
without any error else it should be retransmitted.

The two protocols used in the transport layer are User

Datagram Protocol and Transmission Control
Protocol.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
It provides connectionless service and end-to-end
delivery of transmission.
It is an unreliable protocol as it discovers the errors but
not specify the error.
UDP consists of the following fields:
 Source port address: The source port address is the address
of the application program that has created the message.
 Destination port address: The destination port address is

the address of the application program that receives the

message.
 Total length: It defines the total number of bytes of the user

datagram in bytes.
 Checksum: The checksum is a 16-bit field used in error

detection.
UDP Datagram format
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
It creates a virtual circuit between the sender and
receiver, and it is active for the duration of the
transmission.
TCP is a reliable protocol as it detects the error and
retransmits the damaged frames. Therefore, it ensures
all the segments must be received and acknowledged
before the transmission is considered to be completed
and a virtual circuit is discarded.
At the sending end, TCP divides the whole message into
smaller units known as segment, and each segment
contains a sequence number which is required for
reordering the frames to form an original message.
At the receiving end, TCP collects all the segments and
reorders them based on sequence numbers.
TCP Segment format
Application Layer
It is the top most layer in the TCP/IP model
allows the user to interact with the
application.
Responsible for handling high-level
protocols, issues of representation.
When one application layer protocol wants
to communicate with another application
layer, it forwards its data to the transport
layer.
Main protocols used in the application layer:
HTTP: HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer protocol.
 Allows to access the data over the world wide web.
 It transfers the data in the form of plain text, audio, video. It
has the efficiency to use in a hypertext environment where
there are rapid jumps from one document to another.
SNMP:
 Simple Network Management Protocol. It is a framework
used for managing the devices on the internet by using the
TCP/IP protocol suite.
SMTP:
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. The TCP/IP protocol that
supports the e-mail is known as a Simple mail transfer
protocol. This protocol is used to send the data to another e-
mail address.
DNS: Domain Name System. An IP address is used
to identify the connection of a host to the internet
uniquely. But, people prefer to use the names instead
of addresses. Therefore, the system that maps the
name to the address is known as Domain Name
System.
TELNET: Terminal Network. It establishes the
connection between the local computer and remote
computer in such a way that the local terminal appears
to be a terminal at the remote system.
FTP: File Transfer Protocol. FTP is a standard
internet protocol used for transmitting the files from
one computer to another computer.
Physical Layer:
It is a group of applications requiring
network communications.
This layer is responsible for generating the
data and requesting connections.
It acts on behalf of the sender and the
Network Access layer on the behalf of the
receiver.
Data Link Layer:
The packet’s network protocol type, in this case
TCP/IP, is identified by the data-link layer.
Error prevention and “framing” are also provided
by the data-link layer.
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) framing and
Ethernet IEEE 802.2 framing are two examples of
data-link layer protocols.
OSI vs TCP/IP
OSI model
The OSI stands for Open System Interconnection, which was
developed in 1980s.
It is a conceptual model used for network communication.
It is not implemented entirely, but it is still referenced today.
This OSI model consists of seven layers, and each layer is
connected to each other.
The data moves down the OSI model, and each layer adds
additional information. The data moves down until it reaches
the last layer of the OSI model.
When the data is received at the last layer of the OSI model,
then the data is transmitted over the network.
Once the data is reached on the other side, then the process will
get reversed.
OSI Model TCP/IP Model
It stands for Open System It stands for Transmission
Interconnection. Control Protocol.
OSI model has been developed by It was developed by ARPANET
ISO (International Standard (Advanced Research Project Agency
Organization). Network).

It consists of standard protocols

It is an independent standard and
that lead to the development of an
generic protocol used as a
internet. It is a communication
communication gateway between protocol that provides the
the network and the end user. connection among the hosts.

The transport layer does not

In the OSI model, the transport provide the surety for the delivery
layer provides a guarantee for the of packets. But still, we can say that
delivery of the packets.
it is a reliable model.

This model is based on a vertical This model is based on a horizontal

approach. appro
OSI Model TCP/IP Model

In this model, the session and

In this model, the session and presentation layer are not different
presentation layers are separated, layers. Both layers are included in
i.e., both the layers are different. the application layer.

It is also known as a reference

model through which various
networks are built. For example, the It is an implemented model of an
TCP/IP model is built from the OSI OSI model.
model. It is also referred to as a
guidance tool.
In this model, the network layer
provides both connection-oriented The network layer provides only
and connectionless service. connectionless service.

Protocols in the OSI model are

In this model, the protocol cannot
hidden and can be easily replaced
be easily replaced.
when the technology changes.
OSI Model TCP/IP Model

It consists of 7 layers. It consists of 4 layers.

OSI model defines the
services, protocols, and In the TCP/IP model,
interfaces as well as provides a services, protocols, and
proper distinction between interfaces are not properly
them. It is protocol separated. It is protocol
independent. dependent.
The usage of this model is
very low. This model is highly used.
It does not provide the
It provides standardization to standardization to the
the devices like router, devices. It provides a
motherboard, switches, and connection between various
other hardware devices. computers.