Discrete-Time Fourier Transform

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The profound study of nature is the most fertile
source of mathematical discoveries.

Joseph Fourier

Content and Figures are from Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2e by Oppenheim, Shafer, and Buck, ©1999-2000 Prentice Hall Inc.
 Frequency Response
• The frequency response defines a systems output
– for complex exponential at all frequencies
• If input signals can be represented as a sum of complex
exponentials
xn   k
 e jkn

– we can determine the output of the system

yn   k
 H e jk
e jkn
 
k
• Different from continuous-time frequency response
– Discrete-time frequency response is periodic with 2

    hk e
  
He j  2 r 

k  
 j  2 r k
  hk e
k  
 j2 rk
e  j k
  hk
k  

e  j k

 
H e j  2 r   H e j  
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 Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
• Many sequences can be expressed as a weighted sum of
complex exponentials as
xn 
1 
2  
X e j
e jn
 
d (inverse transform)

• Where the weighting is determined as

    xne

j  jn
Xe (forward transform)
n  

• X(ej) is the Fourier spectrum of the sequence x[n]

– It specifies the magnitude and phase of the sequence
– The phase wraps at 2 hence is not uniquely specified
• The frequency response of a LTI system is the DTFT of the
impulse response

    hk e 1 
 

He j  j k
and hn   H e j
e jn
d
k   2  

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 Discrete-Time Fourier Transform Pair
    xne 1 
 

Xe j  j n
and xn   X e j
e j n
d
n   2  

• Let’s show that they constitute a transform pair

– Substitute first equation into second to get
1     j m  j n

 1  jn  m  
x̂n   
  xme e d   xm  e d 
2  m  
 
 m    2  

– Evaluate the integral
 sinn  m
1  jn  m    0 for n  m
 n  m
2  
e d  
 1 for n  m
 n  m

– Substitute the integral with this result to get


x̂n   xmn  m  xn
m  
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 Existence of DTFT
• For a given sequence the DTFT exist if the infinite sum
convergence

    xne

j  j n
Xe
n  

• Or
 
X e j   for all 

    xne
  
Xe j

n  
 j n
  xn e
n  
 jn
  xn  
n  

• So the DTFT exists if a given sequence is absolute summable

• All stable systems are absolute summable and have DTFTs

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 DTFT Demo

Square Wave

Triangular Wave

From Fundamentals of Signals and Systems Using the Web and Matlab
by Edward W. Kamen and Bonnie S. Heck

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