COMPLEX VARIABLE

LECTURE 9
 Surveying the algebraic and geometric
structure of the complex number
system through
• Complex number
• Graphical representation
OBJECTIVE:
• Fundamental operations
• Conjugates
• Absolute value/modulus
• Power of imaginary unit
• Polar form and argument
Complex Numbers:

whereandare any real number and is the imaginary unit.

 and .
 If , the number is called purely imaginary,
 If , the number is called real.
 Real part of z is: Re{z}
 Imaginary pat of z is: Im{z}.
Example: For , Re{z} and Im{z}.
Example: For , Re{z} and Im{z}.
Conjugate:
 Conjugate of a complex number is .
 The geometric interpretation of a complex conjugate is the
reflection along the real axis.
Example: If then conjugate of z will be .
Example: If then conjugate of z will be .
Example: If then conjugate of z will be .
Example: If then conjugate of z will be .
Absolute value/Modulus:
 The distance from the origin to any complex number is the
absolute value or modulus.
 Absolute value of a complex number denoted by mod z
or

Example: If then
.
Some properties of conjugate: Some properties of modulus:
1. 1.
2.
2.
3.
3.

4.
 Graphical Representation of Complex Number/ Argand
Diagram:

 Mathematician Argand represented a complex number in a diagram

known as Argand diagram.
 A complex number can be represented as an ordered pair of real
number .
 A complex number can be represented by points in a plane which is called
complex plane/ Argand diagram.
 The horizontal axis is called the real axis and the vertical axis is called
the imaginary axis.
Complex Numbers in complex plane:
 Fundamental operations with complex number:

 Addition and Subtraction:

The sum and difference of complex numbers is defined by adding or subtracting
their real components where i.e.:

Example:

And, .
 Product: The commutative and distributive properties hold for the product
of complex numbers:

Example: .
.
 Division:
For the division of two complex numbers to rationalize the denominator,
multiply both the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the
denominator.

Problem: Express in terms of

Solution:
.

Problem: Find Re{z} and Im{} where .

Solution: Here, .
Re and Im{z}.
Powers of imaginary unit :
Power of imaginary unit are:

.
By induction, for any positive integer :
.
If is a negative integer, then
. Problem: E.
Problem: E. Solution:
Solution:

.
Problem: If and then evaluate
.
Solution:

.
Problem: Evaluate .
Solution: .
Problem: Evaluate Re.
Solution: Re
.
Polar form of Complex Number and Argument:

 If P a point in the complex plane corre­

sponding to the complex number or,
then,
P
and .
Where is the distance of from the origin,
And is called the amplitude or argument 𝜃
of which is the angle with real axis denoted
by .
Hence, we can write in polar form as:

[Euler Formulae].
Principal argument: The principal value of the argument
(sometimes called the principal argument) is the unique value of
the argument that is in the range or, and is denoted by .

Some important properties of argument:

 Transformation of complex numbers:

Polar to rectangular:
and
Rectangular to Polar:
and
Problem: Find the rectangular form of.
Solution: Here and
We know that,
And
Hence .
Problem: Find the rectangular form of.
Solution: Here and
We know that,
And
Hence .
 Im{z}
Problem: Find the polar form of.
Solution: Here and
We know that,
O 𝑧 =2 Re{z}
And
Hence, .
Exercise: .
Im{z}
Problem: Find the polar form of.
Solution: Here and
We know that,
And 𝑧 =−5O Re{z}

Hence, .
Exercise: .
Problem: Find the polar form of. Im{z}

Solution: Here and

𝑧 =3 𝑖
We know that,
And O Re{z}
Hence, .
Exercise: .
Problem: Find the polar form of. Im{z}

Solution: Here and

We know that,
And O Re{z}
𝑧 =−𝑖
Hence, .
Exercise: .
Problem: Find the polar form of. Im{z}
Solution: Here and
We know that, 𝑧 =√ 3+ 3 𝑖
And
O Re{z}
Hence, .
Exercise: .
Problem: Find the polar form of.
Solution: Here and
We know that, Im{z}
And
𝑧 =−1+𝑖
Hence, .
Exercise: , .
O Re{z}
 Im{z}
Problem: Find the polar form of.
Solution: Here and
We know that,
O
And Re{z}

Hence, . 𝑧=−2 √ 3 − 6 𝑖
Exercise: , .
Problem: Find the polar form of.
Solution: Here and
We know that,
And Im{z}

Hence, .
Exercise: , .
O Re{z}

𝑧 =√ 3 −𝑖
Problem: Find the polar form of . Problem: Find the polar form of
Solution: Let and . Solution: Let and .
For : and For : and

and and
Hence, . Hence, .
Similarly, For : and
Similarly, For : and
and
and Hence, .
Hence, .
So,
So,
.
Finding principal argument () from general argument ():
 If is in then .
Example: For , .
 If then subtract maximum no. of
Example: For ,
So, .
 If then add minimum no. of
Example: For ,
So, .
Problem: Find the principal argument of .
Solution: Let ;
and
Hence, .
; Principal argument:.
Problem: Find the principal argument of .
Solution: Let and .
For : and
and .
Similarly, For : and
and
So,.
; Principal argument:
Problem: Find the principal argument of .
Solution: Let and .
For : and
and
Hence, .
Similarly,
For : and
and
Hence, .
So,
.
; Principal argument:
 Exercise:

1. Express in terms of
2. Evaluate each of the followings:
(a) , (c).
Hints for (b) and (c): Let
3. Convert the following numbers into polar form:
(a) (b) (c)
4. Convert the following numbers into rectangular form:
and .
5. Find the principal argument of the followings:
(a) (b) ,
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

(1  i ) 2
1. The standard form of the complex number is
1 i
(a) 1  i (b) 1  i (c) 1  i (d) None

2. The polar form of the complex number 1  i is

i 5 i 5 i 3
(a) 2e 4 (b)  2e 4 (c) 2e 4 (d) None

i
3. The standard rectangular form of the complex number z  3e 2
is
(a)  3  i (b)  3  3i (c) 3i (d) None

al argument of the complex number  1  i  is

4
4. The principle
(a)  (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None