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Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, is irreversible damage to the heart muscle caused by prolonged lack of oxygen and ischemia. It is usually caused by blockage of the coronary arteries due to factors like smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol. The pathogenesis involves acute plaque changes, formation of microthrombi, vasospasm, and activation of the coagulation pathway, which can lead to complete blockage of the coronary artery and cell death. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is made through ECG changes, cardiac enzyme levels, and symptoms. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow through thrombolysis, angioplasty, or coronary artery bypass grafting along with

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42 views11 pages

Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, is irreversible damage to the heart muscle caused by prolonged lack of oxygen and ischemia. It is usually caused by blockage of the coronary arteries due to factors like smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol. The pathogenesis involves acute plaque changes, formation of microthrombi, vasospasm, and activation of the coagulation pathway, which can lead to complete blockage of the coronary artery and cell death. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is made through ECG changes, cardiac enzyme levels, and symptoms. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow through thrombolysis, angioplasty, or coronary artery bypass grafting along with

Uploaded by

kinzay batool
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Myocardial Infarction

Presented by:
Kinza Batool
Presented to:
Ma’am Sameen
Content

 Definition
 Etiology
 Pathogenesis
 Clinical menifestation
 Complications
 Diagnosis
 Treatment
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

“MI or heart attack is the


irreversible damage of myocardial
tissue caused by prolonged
ischaemia and hypoxia”
Etiology

 Tobacco smoking
 Hypertension
 Drug abuse
 Obesity, stress, alcohol,
 Diabetes, hyperlipoproteinaemia
 Chronic kidney disease
 Hyperhomocysteinemia
 Family history.
PATHOGENESIS
 Acute plaque change

 Formation of microthrombi

 Vasospasm

 Activation of the coagulation

pathway
Pathogenesis
1. Acute plaque 2. Formation of
change microthrombi
Erosion/Ulceration, Rupture, Exposure of thrombogenic
fissuring of plaque subendothelial Collagen

Exposes highly Platelets adhere to the site


thrombogenic plaque
Platelet activation and
aggregation
Sudden thrombus
formation
Formation of
microthrombi on the
Sudden occlusion of atheromatous plaque
lumen

Partial or complete
Ishemia and necrosis occlusion of affected
coronary artery
Pathogenesis
4. Activation of
3. Vasospasm the coagulation
pathway

Release of tissue factor at the


Release of mediators by site of rupture
activated platelets, endothelial
cell and inflammatory cells
Activates coagulation
system
Vasospasm at the sites of
atheroma Increase the size of
the thrombus

Further narrowing of
the lumen Occlusion of blood
vessel

Necrosis
CLINICAL MENIFESTATIONS COMPLICATIONS

 Chest pain  Arrhythmias


 Dyspnea  Cardiogenic shocks
 Fatigue  CHF,
 Increased sweating, weakness  Thromboembolism,
 Nausea, vomiting  rupture,
 Palpitation, hypertension,  Cardiac aneurism,
hypotension, arrhythmia.  Pericarditis.
 Anxiety,
 Sleeplessness,
DIAGNOSIS
Clinical manifestation ECG changes
 Pain, indigestion, apprehension,  ST segment elevation
shock, low grade fever.  T wave inversion
 Appearance of wide deep Q waves
Serum cardiac makers
 Creatinine phosphokinase(CK)
 Lactic dehydrogenase(LDH)
 Cardiac specific troponins ( cTn)
TREATMENT

PHARMACOLOGICAL CORONARY ARTER BYPASS


ANGIOPLASTY
GRAFT

 Thrombolytic agent

 Anticoagulants

 Antiplatelet agents

 Antihypertensive agents

 Lipids lowering drugs


 Vasodilators
THANK YOU

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