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    Lecture 30 - Optics Part 3

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    Mircea Pantea
    This document discusses geometric optics and lenses. It covers the basics of reflection and refraction, plane mirrors, spherical mirrors, and thin lenses. Formulas for focal length, magnification, and lensmaker's equation are presented. Real and virtual images formed by lenses are explained using graphical methods.

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    Lecture 30 - Optics Part 3

    Uploaded by

    Mircea Pantea
    26 views13 pages
    This document discusses geometric optics and lenses. It covers the basics of reflection and refraction, plane mirrors, spherical mirrors, and thin lenses. Formulas for focal length, magnification, and lensmaker's equation are presented. Real and virtual images formed by lenses are explained using graphical methods.

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    Lecture 30 - Optics part 3

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    This document discusses geometric optics and lenses. It covers the basics of reflection and refraction, plane mirrors, spherical mirrors, and thin lenses. Formulas for focal length, magnification, and lensmaker's equation are presented. Real and virtual images formed by lenses are explained using graphical methods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    26 views13 pages

    Lecture 30 - Optics Part 3

    Uploaded by

    Mircea Pantea
    This document discusses geometric optics and lenses. It covers the basics of reflection and refraction, plane mirrors, spherical mirrors, and thin lenses. Formulas for focal length, magnification, and lensmaker's equation are presented. Real and virtual images formed by lenses are explained using graphical methods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    Introductory Physics II

    Geometric Optics - Chapter 34


    Lenses

    Lecture 30 – August 9
    Outline
    • Review – reflection and refraction of light (33.2)
    • Law of reflection
    • Law of refraction (Snell’s law)
    • Plane mirrors (34.1)
    • Spherical mirrors (34.2)
    • Lenses (33.3 and 33.4)

    New concepts/quantities
    • Index of refraction
    • Object and image (and respective distances)
    • Real and virtual images
    • Sign convention
    Image of a Point Object at a Spherical Surface

    na nb nb  na object–image relationship,
     
    s s R spherical refracting surface
    Apparent Depth of a Swimming Pool
    application for infinite R
    na nb
     0 (plane refracting surface)
    s s

    • Indices of refraction are positive.


    • S’ should be negative – virtual image

    When light travels through a plane surface


    between two optical materials
    • the image has the same lateral size (m = 1)
    • is always erect.

    The apparent depth of a pool is less than its actual depth.


    Magnification
    𝑦′
    𝑚= Same definition as for mirrors.
    𝑦

    𝑛𝑎 𝑠 ′
    𝑚=− For the interface between two media.
    𝑛𝑏 𝑠

    na nb 𝑠′ 𝑛𝑏
     0 𝑠
    =−
    𝑛𝑎 𝑚=1
    s s

    • The image is the same size as the object (m=1)


    • The image is erect (m>0)
    Lenses
    • A lens has two refracting surfaces.
    • The formula(s) should be applied twice, at each interface.
    • The image produced by refraction at the first interface is the object for
    the second interface.

    • converging lens - thicker at its center than at its edges (positive f );


    • diverging lens - thicker at its edges than at its center (negative f).
    Geometry of a Converging Lens

    F1 F2

    Center of the lens

    Optic axis

    • Two centers of curvature (C1,C2)


    • Two focal points (F1,F2)
    • Optic axis
    • Center of the lens (where the axis
    intersects the lens)
    Thin Lens
    Thin lens - two spherical surfaces
    close enough together that we can
    ignore the distance between them.
    • The result obtained by applying
    twice the formula for refractive
    surface becomes very simple.
    • We will restrict our discussion to
    thin lenses.

    1 1 1
    + = Thin lens equation
    𝑠 𝑠′ 𝑓
    𝑠′
    𝑚=− Magnification of a thin lens in air.
    𝑠
    Focal points of lenses - converging
    • The focal points of a lens behave
    in a manner similar to the focal
    point of a mirror.
    • Now we have two focal points
    • Light can come from both sides of
    the lens.

    • Incoming parallel beam is


    concentrated in the focal point.
    • Light diverging from a focal point
    emerges as a parallel beam.
    Focal points of lenses – diverging lens

    • Parallel beam diverges


    after refraction.
    • Beam converging in a
    focal point is parallel after
    refraction.

    • The focal length of a


    diverging lens is a negative
    quantity, and the lens is
    also called a negative lens.
    Image Formed by a Thin Converging Lens
    graphical method for construction of the image

    P’

    Q’

    • Ray parallel to the optical axis -> refracted through focal point
    • Ray through focal point -> refracted parallel to the optic axis
    • Ray through the center -> no change in direction
    Graphical Methods for a Diverging Lens
    Lensmaker's Equation
    f- focal length
    1
    𝑓
    =( 𝑛 −1 )
    1
    −
    (1
    𝑅1 𝑅 2 ) n- index of refraction of the lens material
    R1 – radius of the first interface
    R2 – radius of the second interface

    • This works for a lens in air.


    • A lens dipped in a different medium will have a different focal length.

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