FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEM
What is a Control System?
A system is an arrangement, set, or collection of things connected or related
in such a manner as to form an entirety or whole.
A system is an arrangement of physical components connected or related in
such a manner as to form and/or act as an entire unit.
Control is usually taken to mean regulate, direct, or command
A control system is an arrangement of physical components connected or
related in such a manner as to command, direct, or regulate itself or another
system.
Control System
Example:
1. An air conditioner maintaining the temperature of the room.
2. A car moving from reset to a speed of 100km/hr.
3. A lift moving upwards.
Basic Diagram of Control System
Input, stimulus Output, response
CONTROL SYSTEM
Desired response Actual Response
Note: Most of the time, the desire response is not equal to the actual response
The difference between the actual response and desire response is the error in the
control system
Advantages of control System
We build control systems for 4 primary reasons:
1. Power Amplification
2. Remote Control
3. Convenience of input form
4. Compensation for disturbances
System Response Characteristics
variation of output with respect to the input in a graphical manner
Input command Steady State Error
Elevator location (floor)
Transient
response
Steady State Response
Elevator Response
Ground floor ( 0 ) Time
Factors that make output different from input:
1. Input changes instantaneously but the output changes gradually.
2. Accuracy of the system at steady state
System Loop Configuration
1. OPEN LOOP SYSTEM An open-loop control system is one in which the
control action is independent of the output.
A closed-loop control system is one in which the
2. CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM
control action is somehow dependent on the output.
OPEN LOOP SYSTEM
CONTROL SYSTEM
Reference Input Output
CONTROLLER PROCESS
An open-loop control system is one in which the control action is independent of the output.
The accuracy of the system depends on the experience of user
OPEN LOOP SYSTEM
Examples:
1. Immersion Water Heater
2. Toaster
Advantages and Disadvantages of Open Loop System
Advantages
1. Simple in Constructions and Design.
2. Economic
3. Convenient to use when the output is difficult to measure
Disadvantage
1. Poorly equipped to handle disturbances
2. Not reliable
CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM
Error CONTROL SYSTEM
Detection
Reference Input Output
CONTROLLER PROCESS
FEEDBACK
• A closed-loop control system is one in which the control action is somehow dependent on the
output.
• In closed loop system, the output is measured continuously and is fed back to the input
• The presence of feedback compensates for the disturbance and improves the accuracy of the
Closed Loop System
Examples:
1. Air conditioner
2. Geyser
Open Loop vs. Closed Loop
Open Loop
Closed Loop System
1. Accuracy is low 1. Accuracy is high
2. Not reliable 2. More reliable
3. Easy to design 3. Complex in design
4. Less expensive compared to 4. Expensive
closed loop
FEEDBACK
Questions
In your own word/s define control system
Questions
Give at least 2 example of control system and why do you say so?
Questions
Give at least 2 example of control system and explain why
Questions
Give at least 2 reason why we build control system
Questions
Differentiate Open Loop and Closed Loop Systemr
Questions
Give at least 2 examples of a closed loop and why
Questions
Give at least 2 example of a open loop and why
Questions
Factors that make output different from input:
Laplace Transform (Review)
Why we study Laplace Transform?
Play important role in modeling of control System because when we do
mathematical modeling of control system, we get DE.
• Methods of solving Differential Equation
• Laplace Transforms convert DE into algebraic problem
• Typical DE can be solved using calculus approach
Laplace Transform
• Laplace Transform is the tool to represent the
frequency domain of a time domain function
• Laplace transform is an integral transform
1749 - 1827
Laplace Transform
Find the Laplace transform :
1. Unit step
2. Impulse
3. 1
4. 5
5. t
6. t^2
7. e^-at
Laplace Transform Table
Properties of Laplace Transform
