Monohybrid inheritance

Task – answer on your white boards

Recap –
1. Can you describe the difference between DNA
and Chromosome?
2. Define the term Genome
3. Which molecule does a gene code for?
Cell
Animal Cell
Cell
• Animal and plant cells contain a nucleus.
• The nucleus controls cell activities including cell
division. It also contains the genetic information
(DNA) needed to produce a new cell.
• This information is organised into units called
genes.
• Our genes are on chromosomes
Chromosomes

Chromosomes come in pairs.

Human body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes.

This gives a diploid number of 46

Chromosomes

• Human gametes (sperm and egg cells)

contain 23 chromosomes.

• This is the haploid number.

Alleles
Aim: To define the term allele

gene for gene for

petal colour petal colour
version for red version for
petals yellow petals
Alleles
AIM: to define the term allele

gene for gene for

petal colour petal colour
version for red version for
petals yellow petals

Different versions of a gene, that code for

different versions of a characteristic, are called
alleles.
Homozygous
If the alleles in a matching pair are the same, they
are called homozygous alleles.

allele for allele for

yellow petals yellow petals

allele for allele for

red petals red petals

Task 2: What colour are the flowers with these (Click twice on each bud
to reveal the flower;
homozygous pairs of alleles? click again to close them.)
Heterozygous
If the alleles in a matching pair are different, they
are called heterozygous alleles.

allele for allele for

red petals yellow petals

Some alleles are dominant to other forms of a gene

and will always be expressed, even if an individual only has one
copy of the allele.

A recessive allele will only be expressed in a homozygous form

(if the individual has two copies of the recessive allele).
Representing alleles
Letters are used to represent different alleles.
A dominant allele is always a CAPITAL LETTER.
allele for
red petals = R
A recessive allele is always the corresponding lower case letter.
allele for
yellow petals
= r
The allele pair for each characteristic is called the genotype.
The physical expression of an allele pair is the phenotype.
Keywords

• Phenotype- Physical appearance

• Genotype- The set of genes( alleles) that an

organism has
Representing alleles

Task 5: What are the phenotypes of these genotypes?

genotype: RR rr Rr

phenotype:
(Click twice on each bud
to reveal the flowers;
click again to close them.)
Monohybrid inheritance
Monohybrid inheritance is the inheritance of a single gene.

Genetic diagrams and punnett squares can be used to

describe patterns and predict probabilities of outcomes of
monohybrid crosses.
 Example 1
A monohybrid cross between heterozygous plants for
petal colour.

Parent Phenotype Red petals X Red petals

Parent Genotype Rr Rr

Gametes R or r R or r
Monohybrid inheritance Punnett squares can be used to describe
patterns and predict probabilities of
outcomes of monohybrid crosses.

Monohybrid cross between heterozygous plants

Monohybrid inheritance Punnett squares can be used to describe
patterns and predict probabilities of
outcomes of monohybrid crosses.

Monohybrid cross between heterozygous plants

Mother’s gametes→
R r
Monohybrid inheritance Punnett squares can be used to describe
patterns and predict probabilities of
outcomes of monohybrid crosses.

Monohybrid cross between heterozygous plants

Mother’s gametes→
R r
Father’s gametes↓

r
Monohybrid inheritance Punnett squares can be used to describe
patterns and predict probabilities of
outcomes of monohybrid crosses.

Monohybrid cross between heterozygous plants

Mother’s gametes→
R r
Father’s gametes↓

R RR Rr

r Rr rr
Monohybrid inheritance Punnett squares can be used to describe
patterns and predict probabilities of
outcomes of monohybrid crosses.

Monohybrid cross between heterozygous plants

Mother’s alleles →
R r
Father’s alleles ↓

R RR Rr

r Rr rr
 Monohybrid inheritance example 2

Do a genetic cross between a homozygous brown eyed

Father and a blue eyed Mother.

Brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b)

Parent phenotype Brown eyes X Blue eyes

Parent Genotype BB bb

Gamete All B All b

Monohybrid inheritance
Brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b)
Task 6: Draw a punnett square for a cross between a homozygous
brown eyed Father and a blue eyed Mother.

Mother’s gametes→
b b
Father’s gametes↓

B Bb Bb

B Bb Bb
Monohybrid inheritance
Brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b)
Task 6: Draw a punnett square for a cross between a homozygous
brown eyed Father and a blue eyed Mother.
Mother’s gametes
→ b b
Father’s gametes ↓

B Bb Bb

B Bb Bb
 Monohybrid Inheritance questions
TASK
B= Brown eye allele b = blue eye allele

1. A couple both with blue eyes have a child. What is the

chance their child will have brown eyes? Explain
2. A couple who are heterozygous for brown eyes have a
child. Do a genetic cross to show the probability their
child has blue eyes?
3. A mother with blue eyes and father with brown eyes has
a child with blue eyes. What is the genotype of the
father? Explain how you know this.
Polygenic inheritance

Most phenotypes (physical characteristics) are

the result of several genes rather than just one
gene. We call this polygenic inheritance.

For example. Eye colour, hair colour, height

are all controlled by several genes so are
polygenic.
Determination of sex

The sex of a child is

determined by specific
chromosomes called X and Y
chromosomes.

In humans, each male gamete may have an X or a Y

chromosome, while each female gamete has an X
chromosome
Male
Female
Body cells are XY
Body cells are XX
Gametes

All X X or Y
Co-dominance
Sometimes two alleles are equally dominant to each other.
In genetics, this is called co-dominance and means that
neither allele is recessive to the other allele.
Co-dominant alleles are both expressed in the phenotype.
Co-dominance
Family pedigrees
Doctors can use a pedigree analysis chart to show genetic
disorders are inherited in a family. They can use this to work
out the probability (chance) that someone in a family will
inherit a condition. This is called pedigree analysis.
Family pedigrees
Task 7: What is this condition?
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele (a)
which is characterised by lack of pigment in skin, hair and eyes
(white skin/fur and red eyes)

Task 8: What is the genotype of a sufferer? aa

Albinism occurs in many species, but it is more common in
humans.

Task 9: Explain why albinism is more common in humans.

Albinism is not as detrimental to the survival of

humans as it is for other species. For example,
some species would not be camouflaged and
therefore more likely to be killed by a predator,
and hence not pass on the allele for albinism.
Albinism
a albino trait
A normal allele

Task 10:

1. What are the genotypes of parents A (3 & 4)? Explain how you know...

2. What are the genotypes of 15,16 and 17? Explain how you know....
 Thumbs up or down
Learning objectives:
• Define the terms: dominant, recessive, homozygous,
heterozygous, phenotype, genotype and codominance
• Describe patterns of monohybrid inheritance using a
genetic diagram
• Predict probabilities of outcomes from monohybrid
crosses
• Interpret family pedigrees