Chapter 1 - Introduction To Computer Networks - CD
Chapter 1 - Introduction To Computer Networks - CD
INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER NETWORKS
FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
OUTLINE
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1. ABOUT THE COURSE
Faculty of Information Technology
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
REFERENCES
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2. WHAT’S THE
INTERNET?
Faculty of Information Technology
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
wireless
laptop
smartphone
• Communication links
• fiber, copper, radio, satellite
wireless
• transmission rate: bandwidth links
wired
links
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
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3. WHAT’S THE
PROTOCOL
Faculty of Information Technology
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
WHAT’S A PROTOCOL?
• Human protocols: • Network protocols:
- “what’s the time?” - machines rather than humans
- “I have a question” - all communication activity in
- introductions Internet governed by protocols
protocols define format, order of messages sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on
message transmission, receipt
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4. NETWORK STRUCTURE
• Network edge:
o hosts: clients and servers
o servers often in data centers
• Access networks, physical media:
o wired, wireless communication links
• Network core: End-system
o interconnected routers interaction
o network of networks
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
ACCESS NETWORK
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
PHYSICAL MEDIA
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MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
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5. NETWORK CORE
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
routing algorithm
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
PACKET-SWITCHING: STORE-AND-FORWARD
TRANSMISSION
• Takes L/R seconds to transmit One-hop numerical example: End-to-end delay if a path has N links
(push out) L-bit packet into link at • L = 7.5 Mbits (R rate/link) (or N-1 routers):
R bps • R = 1.5 Mbps
• Store and forward: entire packet • one-hop transmission delay =
must arrive at router before it can 5 sec
be transmitted on next link
• end-end delay = 2L/R (assuming
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zero propagation delay)
FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
• Delay:
o Store-and-forward delays
o Queuing delays
o Propagation delays
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
CIRCUIT SWITCHING
End- to-end connection between the two hosts
End-end resources allocated to, reserved for
“call” between source & dest:
• in diagram, each link has four circuits.
- call gets 2nd circuit in top link and 1st circuit
in right link.
• dedicated resources: no sharing
- circuit-like (guaranteed) performance
- reserves a constant transmission rate (a
fraction of link’s trans. capacity)
• circuit segment idle if not used by call (no
sharing) - Four circuit switches are interconnected by four links
- Each of these links has four circuits
• commonly used in traditional telephone
networks 23
FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
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6. NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
Faculty of Information Technology
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
• Network topology is the arrangement of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a communication network.
• There are two approaches to network topology: physical and logical.
o Physical network topology refers to the physical connections and interconnections between nodes
and the network—the wires, cables, and so forth.
o Logical network topology refers to the conceptual understanding of how and why the network is arranged
the way it is, and how data moves through it.
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7. NETWORK
PERFORMANCE
Faculty of Information Technology
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
B
nodal
processing queueing
B
nodal
processing queueing
average queueing
at which bits are pushed out of
delay
When is the queuing delay large the queue
and when is it insignificant?
Depends on: • L: packet length (bits)
- Arriving rate at the queue • a: average packet arrival rate
- Transmission rate of the link
- Nature of the arriving traffic La: average rate at which bits
traffic intensity
(traffic arriving pattern) arrive at the queue = La/R
• La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small La/R ~ 0
• La/R -> 1: avg. queueing delay large
• La/R > 1: more “work” arriving
than can be serviced, average delay infinite!
• La/R < 1: nature of the arriving traffic affects the queuing
delay
Design your system so that the traffic intensity is no greater than 1. La/R -> 1 30
FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
PACKET LOSS
buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A
B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
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MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
THROUGHPUT
• throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits transferred between sender/receiver
o instantaneous: rate at given point in time
o average: rate over longer period of time
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
THROUGHPUT
• Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
bottleneck link
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8. INTERNET
STRUCTURE
Faculty of Information Technology
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…
…
access access
net net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access
net
… … net
access
access net
net
…
to each other directly doesn’t
…
access access
…
net
scale: O(N2) connections. net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
…
… net
access access …
net access net
net
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…
…
global
access
net ISP access
net
access
net
access
net
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net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net
access
net
ISP C
access
net
access
net
peering link
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net
access
net
ISP C
access
peering link net
access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
Content provider network
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net
access
net
ISP C
access
peering link net
access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
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9. OSI MODEL &
TCP/IP MODEL
Faculty of Information Technology
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
WIRESHARK
application
packet (www browser,
OS
packet Transport (TCP/UDP)
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FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MSc. Nguyen Cong Danh
ENCAPSULATION
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