Evolution of CDMA

Presented by Sajjad Rabbani

ICT MS Telecom
 Objectives
After completion of this course participants will
be able to
• Understand the structure of CDMA 2000 1X
• State the signal process flow of CDMA 2000 1X
• State the technology of CDMA 2000 1X
• Describe the interfaces of CDMA 2000 1X
• Describe the numbers in CDMA 2000 1X
 Contents
• Introduction
• Basic knowledge
• Key technology
• Air interface
• Important numbers
 Development of Mobile
Communications
1st Generation 2nd Generation 1990s 3rd Generation
1980s (analog) (digital) current (digital)

GSM UMTS
AMPS
WCDMA
CDMA
TACS IS95 CDMA
Analog to Digital Voice to Broadband
2000
NMT TDMA
IS-136 TD-
OTHERS SCDMA
PDC

3G provides:
 Complete integrated service solutions
 High bandwidth
 Unified air interface
 Best spectral efficiency and
……………… a step towards PCS

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 Technology Roadmap
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

HSPA LTE*
7 – 30 Mbps 50 Mbps+

EVDO
Rev A
3.2Mbps

GSM/UMTS Ecosystem
* Theoretical. Standards in progress
CDMA 2000 Ecosystem

Future proofing our technology roadmap

5
 Transmission Techniques
CDMA Traffic channels: different users
are assigned unique code and
Power transmitted over the same
frequency band, for example,
e ncy
Ti m qu WCDMA and CDMA2000
e Fr e
TDMA

Power
Traffic channels: different time slots are
allocated to different users, for example,
en cy DAMPS and GSM
Ti m
e Fr eq u

FDMA U se
U r
U se se r
U se r
U se r
r Traffic channels: different frequency bands are
Power
U se allocated to different users,for example, AMPS and
r
e ncy TACS
Tim qu
e Fr e

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 Development of CDMA System
CDMA2000
3X
CDMA2000 307.2kbps
 Heavier voice
IS95A IS95B service capacity ;
9.6kbps 115.2kbps  Longer period of CDMA2000 1X
standby time EV
1X EV-DO
1995 1998 1X EV-DV

2000
2003
• Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity
• Higher packet data rate and more diversified services
• Smooth transit to 3G

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 CDMA2000 1X Network Structure
A1(Signaling)

A2(Traffic)
Abis
A3(Signaling & Traffic)
A7(Singaling)

A11(Signaling)

A10(Traffic)

MS: Mobile Station BTS: Base Transceiver Station

BSC: Base Station Controller MSC: Mobile Switching Center
HLR :Home Location Register VLR: Visitor Location Register
PCF: Packet data Control Function PDSN: Packet Data Service Node
HA: Home Agent FA: Foreign Agent
SCP: Service Control Point Radius: Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service

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FA & HA : In Mobile Internet Protocol (Mobile IP), a
home agent is a router on a mobile node's home
network that maintains information about the device's
current location, as identified in its care-of address. The
home agent uses tunneling mechanisms to forward
Internet traffic so that the device's IP address doesn't
have to be changed each time it connects from a
different location. A home agent may work in
conjunction with a foreign agent, which is a router on
the visited network. The foreign agent and the home
agent are two types of mobility agents, defined in the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RFC 2002
specification called IP Mobility Support.
 Spreading and De-spreading
The improvement of time-domain information rate means that the bandwidth of spectrum-
domain information is spread.
S（f） S（f）
information
information

f0 f f0 f
The spectrum before spreading The spectrum after spreading

S（f） S（f）
information
Interference/noise
Interference/noise
information

f0 f f0 f
The spectrum before despreading The spectrum after despreading

information pulse interference White noise

S(f) is the energy density.

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 Signal flow

RF transmission
Source Convolution
Interleaving Scrambling Spreading Modulation
coding &
Interleaving

De-convolution
Source deinterleaving RF receiving
& Unscrambling De-spreading Demodulation
decoding De-interleaving

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 CDMA flow
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 10 00 01 1 0
1 1 10 10 00 0 1
1 1 10 10 01 0 0
1 1 0 0 1

Source Channel Spreading Modulation

Scrambling
Coding coding

Bit Symbol Chip

Source Channel
decoding Unscrambling De-spreading De-Modulation
decoding

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 Common Technical Terms
• Bit, Symbol, Chip:
– A bit is the input data which contain information
– A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the block
interleaving
– A chip is the output of spreading
• Processing Gain:
– Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate.
– The processing gain in IS-95 system is 128, about 21dB.
• Forward direction: Information path from base station to mobile
station
• Reverse direction: Information path from mobile station to base
station

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 Channel Coding
Convolution code or TURBO code is used in channel encoding

Encoding efficiency= (total input bits / total output symbols)

Input (bits) Output (symbols)

convolution encoder

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Turbo Code

Turbo code is used during the transmission of large data

packet.
• Characteristics of the Turbo code:
– The input information is encoded twice and the two
output codes can exchange information with each other
during decoding.
– The symbol is protected not only by the neighborhood
check bits, but also by the separate Check Bits.
The performance of a Turbo code is superior to that of a
convolution code.

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 Long Code

• The long code is a PN sequence with period of 2 42

-1chips
• The functions of a long code:
– Scramble the forward CDMA channel
– Control the insertion of power control bit
– Spread the information on the reverse CDMA
channel to identify the mobile stations

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 CDMA flow
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 10 00 01 1 0
1 1 10 10 00 0 1
1 1 10 10 01 0 0
1 1 0 0 1

Source Channel Spreading Modulation

Scrambling
Coding coding

Bit Symbol Chip

Source Channel
decoding Unscrambling De-spreading De-Modulation
decoding

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 Short Code
 Short code is a PN sequence with period of 215 chips
– Sequence with different time offset is used to distinguish
different sectors

PNc

PNb

PNa
 Minimum PN sequence offset used is 64 chips, that is,
512 PN offsets are available to identify the CDMA sectors
(215/64=512).
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 Walsh Code

• In forward direction, each symbol is spread with

Walsh code

• Walsh code is used to distinguish the user in

forward link

• For CDMA2000, in the reverse, Walsh function is

used to define the type of channel (RC 3-9)

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 Main Parameters
CDMA Channel or CDMA Carrier or CDMA CDMA CHANNEL
CDMA
CDMA
Frequency Reverse
Channel
Forward
Channel
1.25 MHz
1.25 MHz

• Duplex channel made of two 1.25 MHz-wide 45 or 80 MHz

bands of electromagnetic spectrum, one for

each for forward and reverse link
• In 800 Cellular these two simplex 1.25 MHz bands are 45 MHz
apart
• In 1900 MHz PCS they are 80 MHz apart
CDMA Forward Channel
• 1.25 MHz Forward Link
CDMA Reverse Channel
• 1.25 MHz Reverse Link
CDMA Codes
• Long Code
• Short Code
• Walsh Code
•
 Forward and Reverse link
Forward Link
• Channels include: Pilot, Sync, Paging and
Forward Traffic channels
Reverse Link
• Channels include: Access and Reverse Traffic
channels
Review
 Process flow of Signal
Following are the steps:
• Source Coding
• FEC Coding
• Scrambling
• Spreading
• Modulation
 Source Coding
• Following are the types of source coding:
• 8K QCELP (sample rate = 9.6 kbps)
• 13K QCELP (sample rate = 14.4 kbps)
• EVRC
First two are used by Qualcomm and later is by
Motorolla
 FEC Coding or Channel Coding
• Convolution or turbo code is used in channel
coding
 Scrambling
• Main purpose of scrambling is to secure the
data with some code at source side and same
is unlocked at other side
• It uses shift register and mask register
• This kind of generator is named as linear
feedback shift register
• In scrambling two types of codes are used
named as PN Long and PN short code
 PN Long Code
The function of a long code is
• To scramble the forward CDMA channel
• To control the insertion of power control bit
• To spread the information on the reverse
CDMA channel to identify the mobile stations
• The long code is a PN sequence with period of 2 -1chips
42
 PN Short Code
• These are used to identify the different sectors
• Min PN offset is 64 chips it means that 512 PN off
sets are available to identify the CDMA sectors
• Short code is a PN sequence with period of 215 chips
• Minimum PN sequence offset used is 64 chips, that
is, 512 PN offsets are available to identify the CDMA
sectors (215/64=512).
 Short Code
 Short code is a PN sequence with period of 215 chips
– Sequence with different time offset is used to distinguish
different sectors

PNc

PNb

PNa
 Minimum PN sequence offset used is 64 chips, that is,
512 PN offsets are available to identify the CDMA sectors
(215/64=512).
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 Walsh Code

• Walsh codes are orthogonal

• Due to this property there is no interference

• Array of 64 walsh codes is used

 Contents
• Power Control
• Handoff
• Diversity and RAKE Receiver

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 Power Control
• Reverse power control
– Open loop power control
– Closed loop power control
• Inner loop power control: 800 Hz
• Outer loop power control
• Forward power control
– Message transmission mode:
• threshold transmission
• periodic transmission
– Closed loop power control

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