3 2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs

 And examples of inverse properties on
slides 23 and 24
3.2 Logarithmic Functions and
Their Graphs
You need graphing calculator and

graph paper again
Use graph paper
Graph y  10
x

 Then graph it’s inverse below it – how

can we find this?
 Switch x and y coordinates
The inverse of y  10 is x  10

x y
 Graph the inverse in it’s current form

before we move on
y  10 x
x  10 y
Logarithmic
 The inverse of y  10 x is x  10 y
 We need a new operation to solve for y.
 Let’s make up some operation that is the
inverse of raising 10 to the power of an
exponent. Call it “Clifton”
x  10 y
Clifton x  Clifton 10 y
Clifton x  y
y  Clifton x
Logarithmic
 The actual inverse operation of x  10 y
raising 10 to the power of an

exponent is to take the
log x  log 10 y
logarithm. log x  y
y  log x
 So x  10 y is equivalent to y  log x
y=logx; Important Points?
x  10 y
( x, 0) x  ?  (1, 0)
( x,1) x  ?  (10,1)
y  10 x
y  log x
y=logx; Domain? Range?
Asymptotes? ppos
ite ( “inv e rt ed”)
in g is o =10^x
th y
Every he graph
t
From
Vertical Asymptote
x=0
Range: ( -, )
Domain: (0, )
Logarithms!
log10 x  y log b x  y
10  x
y
b x
y
Common Logarithm: Base 10
log  log10  common logarithm
log is understood to be base 10
when no other base is written.
log 100 = 2  10  100

2
log 2.5  0.3979  10 0.3979

 2.5
Logarithms, Explained -
Steve Kelly
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzu
2POfYv0Y
Looking at the pattern, define
the log function
Think log  log10
log 10  1
log 100  2
log 1000  3
log 10000  4
How about this pattern?
log 2 8  3
log 2 32  5
log 3 27  3
log 3 81  4
So logarithms are just another helpful
way to write exponential equations
log 3 243  5  3  243

5
log 4 256  4  4  2564

Mental Math Time
Express in exponential form.
a ) log 2 8  3
b) log 3 9  2
1
c) log 5  3
125
d ) log10 0.1   1
How about going the other
way?
Exponential Notation  Logarithmic Notation
x  a y (a y  x) log a x  y
Examples:
a ) 3  81
4
 log 3 81  4
b) 4  16
2
 log 4 16  2
3 1 1
c) 2   log 2   3
8 8
Example: Evaluate
a ) log 5 125 5  125; log 5 125  3
?
b) log 2 16 2  16; log 2 16  4

?
c) log 8 64 8  64; log8 64  2

?
Example: Solve then write in
logarithmic form.
Express in logarithmic form.
a ) 2  16
4
log 2 16  4
b) 4  64
3
log 4 64  3

2
1 1 2
c) 32 5  log 32  
4 4 5
4 4
d ) 3 3  3 3 3 log 3 (3 3 ) 
3
3
Natural Logarithm: Base e
log e is written as ln x
read as "the natural log of x"
Think log e 2  0.6931
ln 2 = 0.6931  e 0.6931
2
1.2040
ln 0.3   1.2040  e  0.3
ln 5  x  e  5  x  1.609
x
Graph the following functions
on the same axes (pg 2 of
packet)
y  log 2 x
y  log x
y  ln x
 Rewrite as an exponential function.
 Plug in y-value first, then find x
 Don’t use a calculator!
 Record the domain, range and
asymptotes for each function
Graph the following
y  log( x  1)
y   log 2 (2 x)
Desmos.com
y  ln x  3
1. Parent Function
2. Important Points of P.F.
3. Non-rigid Transformations – new points
4. Rigid Transformations – new points
Calculators:
 Calculator (Ti84+ and below) will only
compute common logs (base 10) and
natural logs (base e)!
Properties of Logarithms
1. log a 1  0 because a  1
0
2. log a a  1 because a1  a
3. log a a  x and a
x log a x
 x inverse property
4. log a x  log a y, then x  y one  to  one property

Properties of Natural Logs
1. ln1  0 because e0  1
2. ln e  1 because e  e 1
3. ln e  x and e
x ln x
 x inverse property
4. ln x  ln y, then x  y one  to  one property

 We will get practice using these
properties in the next lessons.
H Dub:
 Pg 1 and 2 – bottom half
 Pg 3 – #”3”-5
 Pg 4 – #11-18
 3-2 Pg. 236 #1-19odd, 27-44,

76-83, 87
Solving Logarithms:
 Rewrite in exponential form
 Solve for unknown
log 3 9  x
3 9
x
3 3
x 2
x2
Example: Solve.
1
a ) log 4 x b) log 2 2  x
5
64
x  3 x5
c) log 2 x  4 d ) log x 125  3
x  16 x5
Example: One-to-One
Property
log 3 ( x  2)  log 3 7
( x  2)  7
x9
Example: One-to-One
Property
log 2 (4  x )  log 2 4 x

2
 4  x  4x
2
 ( x  4 x  4)  0
2
 ( x  2)  0
2
x  2

3 2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs

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 And examples of inverse properties on

You need graphing calculator and

 Then graph it’s inverse below it – how

 Graph the inverse in it’s current form

 The actual inverse operation of x  10 y

raising 10 to the power of an

log 100 = 2  10  100

log 2.5  0.3979  10 0.3979

log 3 243  5  3  243

log 4 256  4  4  2564

b) log 2 16 2  16; log 2 16  4

c) log 8 64 8  64; log8 64  2

4. log a x  log a y, then x  y one  to  one property

4. ln x  ln y, then x  y one  to  one property

 3-2 Pg. 236 #1-19odd, 27-44,

log 2 (4  x )  log 2 4 x

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