Intermediate Algebra

Chapter 9
• Exponential
• and
• Logarithmic
Functions
Intermediate Algebra 9.1-9.2

• Review of Functions
 Def: Relation
• A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
• Designated by:
• Listing
• Graphs
• Tables
• Algebraic equation
• Picture
• Sentence
 Def: Function
• A function is a set of ordered pairs
in which no two different ordered
pairs have the same first
component.

• Vertical line test – used to

determine whether a graph
represents a function.
 Defs: domain and range

• Domain: The set of first

components of a relation.
• Range: The set of second
components of a relation
 Examples of Relations:

1, 2  , 3, 4 5, 6 

1, 2 , 3, 2 , 5, 2 
1, 2 , 1, 4 , 1,6 
 Objectives

• Determine the domain, range of

relations.
• Determine if relation is a
function.
Intermediate Algebra 9.2

• Inverse Functions
 Inverse of a function
• The inverse of a function is determined by
interchanging the domain and the range of
the original function.
• The inverse of a function
1
f is not necessarily
a function.
 1
• Designated by
• and read f inverse
f
 One-to-One function

• Def: A function is a one-to-one

function if no two different
ordered pairs have the same
second coordinate.
 Horizontal Line Test

• A function is a one-to-one
function if and only if no
horizontal line intersects the
graph of the function at more
than one point.
 Inverse of a function

f  1, 2  , 3, 4  , 5,6 

f 1
  2,1 4,3 ,  6,5 
 Inverse of function

f  1, 2  , 3, 2  , 5, 2 

f 1
  2,1 ,  2,3 ,  2,5 
 Objectives:
• Determine the inverse of a function whose
ordered pairs are listed.
• Determine if a function is one to one.
 Intermediate Algebra 9.3

• Exponential Functions
 Michael Crichton – The Andromeda Strain
(1971)
• The mathematics of uncontrolled
growth are frightening. A single cell
of the bacterium E. coli would, under
ideal circumstances, divide every
twenty minutes. It this way it can be
shown that in a single day, one cell of
E. coli could produce a super-colony
equal in size and weight to the entire
planet Earth.”
 x
  log b x  log b y
y
xy   log b x  log b y
Definition of Exponential
Function
• If b>0 and b not equal to 1 and x is any real
x
 1
 1    e
 x
number, an exponential function is written
as

f ( x)  b x
 Graphs-Determine domain,
range, function, 1-1, x intercepts,
y intercepts, asymptotes

f ( x)  2 x
 Graphs-Determine domain,
range, function, 1-1, x intercepts,
y intercepts, asymptotes
x
1
g ( x)   
2
Growth and Decay f ( x)  b x

• Growth: if b > 1

• Decay: if 0 < b < 1

 Properties of graphs of
exponential functions
• Function and 1 to 1
• y intercept is (0,1) and no x intercept(s)
• Domain is all real numbers
• Range is {y|y>0}
• Graph approaches but does not touch x
axis – x axis is asymptote
• Growth or decay determined by base
 Natural Base e
x
 1
as x   1    e
 x
e  2.718281828
 Calculator Keys

• Second function of divide

• Second function of LN (left
side)
x
e
Property of equivalent exponents
• For b>0 and b not equal to 1

if b bx y

then x y
 Compound Interest
• A= amount P = Principal t = time
• r = rate per year
• n = number of times compounded
nt
 r
A  P 1  
 n
 Compound interest problem
• Find the accumulated amount in an account
if $5,000 is deposited at 6% compounded
quarterly for 10 years.
 4 10 
 .06 
A  5000 1  
 4 

A  $9070.09
 Objectives:

• Determine and graph

exponential functions.
• Use the natural base e
• Use the compound interest
formula.
Dwight Eisenhower – American
President
• “Pessimism never
won any battle.”
Intermediate Algebra 9.4,9.5,9.6

• Logarithmic Functions
 Definition: Logarithmic Function
• For x > 0, b > 0 and b not equal to 1 toe
logarithm of x with base b is defined by the
following:

log b x  y  x  b y
 Properties of Logarithmic Function
• Domain:{x|x>0}
• Range: all real numbers
• x intercept: (1,0)
• No y intercept
• Approaches y axis as vertical
asymptote
• Base determines shape.
 Shape of logarithmic graphs

• For b > 1, the graph rises from

left to right.

• For 0 < b < 1, the graphs falls

from left to right.
Common Logarithmic Function
The logarithmic function with
base 10

log10 x  y  log x  y
 Natural logarithmic function
The logarithmic function with a
base of e

log e x  y  ln x  y
Calculator Keys

• [LOG]
• [LN]
 Objective:

• Determine the common

log or natural log of any
number in the domain of
the logarithmic function.
 Change of Base Formula
• For x > 0 for any positive bases a and b

log a x
log b x 
log a b
 Problem: change of base
log10 5 log 5
log 3 5  
log10 3 log 3
log e 5 ln 5  1.46

log e 3 ln 3
 Objective

• Use the change of base

formula to determine an
approximation to the
logarithm of a number when
the base is not 10 or e.
Intermediate Algebra 10.5

• Properties
• of
• Logarithms
 Basic Properties of logarithms

log b 1  0
log b b  1
log b x  log b y  x  y
 For x>0, y>0, b>0 and b not 1
Product rule of Logarithms

log b  xy   log b x  log b y

 For x>0, y>0, b>0 and b not 1
Quotient rule for Logarithms

x
log b    log b x  log b y
 y
 For x>0, y>0, b>0 and b not 1
Power rule for Logarithms

log b x  r  log b x 
r
 Objectives:

• Apply the product, quotient,

and power properties of
logarithms.
• Combine and Expand
logarithmic expressions
Theorems summary Logarithms:

I .log b  xy   log b x  log b y

x
II .log b    log b x  log b y
 y
III .log b x  r  log b x 
r
 Norman Vincent Peale

• “Believe it is possible to
solve your problem.
Tremendous things happen to
the believer. So believe the
answer will come. It will.”
Intermediate Algebra 9.7

• Exponential
• and
• Logarithmic
• Equations
 Objective:

• Solve equations that have

variables as exponents.
 Exponential equation

25 2 x1
 15
x  0.0794
 Objective:

• Solve equations
containing logarithms.
 Sample Problem Logarithmic equation

log 3  2 x  5   2

x2
 Sample Problem Logarithmic equation

log 2 5 x  1  log 2  x  1  3

x3
 Sample Problem Logarithmic equation

log 2  x  2   log 2 x  3
x  4 or x  2
2
 Sample Problem Logarithmic equation

log 5 x  log 5  x  3  log 5 4

1
 Walt Disney

• “Disneyland will never be

completed. It will
continue to grow as long
as there is imagination
left in the world.”
 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

• “The universe…is
written in the language
of mathematics…”