WEEK-2- DAY 1

BASICS OF ARDUINO
KEY FEATURES OF
ARDUINO
 Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware and
software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programmed (referred to as a
microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), which is used to write and upload the computer code to the physical board.
 Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the micro-controller
into a more accessible package.
 Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different sensors
and turn it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off, connect to
the cloud and many other actions.
 You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading software).
 Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an extra
piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto the board.
You can simply use a USB cable.
 Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to
learn to program.
 Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the
micro-controller into a more accessible package.
BOARD TYPES
 Various kinds of Arduino boards are
available depending on different
microcontrollers used. However, all
Arduino boards have one thing in
common: they are programmed through
the Arduino IDE.
 The differences are based on the number
of inputs and outputs (the number of
sensors, LEDs, and buttons you can use
on a single board), speed, operating
voltage, form factor etc. Some boards
are designed to be embedded and have
no programming interface (hardware),
which you would need to buy
separately. Some can run directly from a
3.7V battery, others need at least 5V.
ARCHITECTUR
E OF
ATMEGA328P
ON-BOARD COMPONENTS:
 Power USB: Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your
computer. All you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection
 Power (Barrel Jack): Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains
power supply by connecting it to the Barrel Jack.
 Voltage Regulator: The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage
given to the Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and
other elements.
 Crystal Oscillator: The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues.
How does Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The
number printed on top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the
frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.
 Arduino Reset:You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the
beginning. You can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset
button (17) on the board. Second, you can connect an external reset button to the
Arduino pin labelled RESET
 Analog pins:The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5.
These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or
temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be read by the
microprocessor.
 Main microcontroller:Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You
can assume it as the brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the
Arduino is slightly different from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually
of the ATMEL Company. You must know what IC your board has before loading up
a new program from the Arduino IDE. This information is available on the top of
the IC. For more details about the IC construction and functions, you can refer to the
data sheet.
 TX and RX LEDs:On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX
(receive). They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital
pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. Second, the
TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes with different speed while sending the
serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud rate used by the board. RX
flashes during the receiving process.
 Digital I/O:The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6
provide PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to
work as input digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to
drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labeled “~” can be used to
generate PWM.
Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin) :
 3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt
 5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt
 Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt
and 5 volt.
 GND (8)(Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of
which can be used to ground your circuit.
 Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an
external power source, like AC mains power supply.
PIN DIAGRAM:

• 32K Flash Program

• 1K EEPROM
• 2K SRAM
• Package: 28 pins with
23 I/O lines
• Six 10-bit A/D channels
• Six PWM channels
• SPI, USART, Analog
comparators
• Clock Frequency up to
20 MHz
VARIOUS SENSORS:
Temperature Chemical Proximity
Touch Sensors
Sensors Sensors Sensors
Metal
Light Sensors Tilt Sensor Cameras
Detectors
Humidity Vibration Magnetic
Color Sensor
Sensor Sensor Sensor
Pressure Fingerprint
Current Sensor GPS
Sensor Sensor
Motor Speed Bending Position
PIR Sensor
Sensor Sensor Sensor
Ultrasonic Gyroscope Accelerometer
Lidar Sensor
Sensor Sensor Sensor
Digital
Sound Sensor Odometer
Compass IR Sensor
(Mic.) Sensor
Sensor