11th Grade

Reading and Writing:

Spelling
 Warm Up
Somedy, I will eventually move forwerd
and be happy with the choices I made. I
will have the opportunity to become a
better person and live my best life. I will
be successfull, and I will be okay.
Tips on Proper Spelling
American English vs. British English

American English British English

color colour

labor labour

defense defence

organize organise

analyze analyse

criticize criticise
 learned learnt

airplane aeroplane

center centre

inquire, inquiry enquire, enquiry

Variant or Alternative Spellings

main entry alternative to

word in a the standard
dictionary or generally
accepted form

Variant
Standard Spelling
Spelling
Entry word in the Variant Spelling
Dictionary
acknowledgment acknowledgement

adviser advisor

amid amidst

dialogue dialog

collectible collectable

barbecue barbeque

theater theatre

aging ageing
Words with i and e
Words with the letter i and e succeeding each other, such as
siev, believe, receipt, and deceive are commonly misspelled.
Remember then this simple rule:

Examples and formula:

i before e except after c

Adding Prefixes
In adding prefixes to words, the spelling of the root word
does not change. Here are some examples:

misspelled, unnecessary, dissatisfied

Words with Double Letters
English words with double letters are often misspelled. Be aware of those words
and remember their correct spellings.

a. Words with a single pair of double letters

different personnel
harass profession
illegitimate questionnaire
occasion recommend
parallel referred
b. Words with two pairs of double letters

accommodate millennium
aggression occurrence
committed possession
embarrass success
happiness succeed
Words with Silent Letters
There are English words that contain silent letters, which are
not pronounced when the words are read. Be aware of those
words and remember their correct spellings. Below are some
words with silent consonants.

Silent b: doubt, debt, subtle

Silent c: ascend, descend, convalescent
Silent g: align, foreign, sign
 11th Grade

Reading and Writing:

Punctuation
 1. Sharon dedicated her life to dancing she applied to different dance
companies to develop her art.
2. Sharon dedicated her life to dancing. She applied to different dance
companies to develop her art.

The first sentence is a run-on sentence. There is no

proper punctuation between the two independent
clauses. On the other hand, the second sentence is
the correct way of writing the run-on sentence. A
period is used to separate the independent clauses
and turn them into full sentences.
What is punctuation?
Punctuation is a system of symbols
used to give structure to a text. It
guides the reader on how the text
should be read.
 Commonly Used Punctuation Marks
.1. Period (.)
a. It indicates a full stop or the end of a statement.
When a statement end with a word or a group of
words enclosed in question marks, the period is placed
within the quotation marks.
Ex: I studied last night.
He is known as “the hat maker.”
b. It is used in some abbreviations.
Ex. a.m , Dr. , etc.
 c. It is placed after numerals and letters in outlines
and lists.
Ex:
I. Philippine Literature in English
A. Historical background
B. Well-known authors and their works
1. Poetry
2. Fiction
3. Nonfiction
4. Plays
2. Question mark (?)
a. It ends with a question
Ex: Did you study last night?
b. It ends a question that is part of a sentence.
Ex. “What is your mother’s name?” Kimberly
asked.
c. It indicates uncertainty about a fact.
Ex: Homer (9th or 8th century BCE?) is the Greek
epic poet who presumably wrote The Iliad and The
Odyssey.
3. Exclamation Point (!)
a. It ends a sentence that expresses strong
emotion or an interjection.
Ex: Ouch! That hurts.
b. It replaces the question mark in
interrogative sentences to express strong
emotions.
Ex: Don’t you know who I am!
4. Apostrophe (‘)
a. It is used to indicate the possessive case of nouns
Ex: We went to Carla’s party.
b. It is used in place of the omitted letters in
contractions.
Ex. I am – I’m did not – didn’t I will – I’ll
c. It is used in some expressions like the following:
Ex: For goodness’ sake
A month’s delay
5. Comma (,)
a. Commas are used to separate words or phrases in
a list or series.
Ex: You can see a lion, a tiger, and a bear in the zoo.

b. A comma is used to separate clauses in

sentences.
Ex. I heard about my friend’s problem, so I went to
see him and offer my help.
c. Commas are used to set off words or phrases that
introduce examples or explanations.
Ex: My mother has just met three famous people, namely,
the president, an Olympic gold medalist, and a veteran
actor.
John thought of very good plan to celebrate his
birthday this year, that is, to volunteer as a reader at a
daycare center.

6. Colon (:)
a. It introduces a list.

Ex: The travel package includes the following: airfare, packed

meals, hotel accommodation, and an island tour.

b. It is used to introduce a quotation:

Ex: The post on the door reads: “Please gather at the lobby at 3:00
c. Introduces a clause or a phrase that explains what
comes before it.
Ex: The night was extraordinarily bright: the moon was full, a
hundred stars twinkling, and the bonfire blazing.

7. Semicolon (;)
a. It is used to indicate a stop or break that is more
grounded than a comma but not as strong as a period.
Ex: I never demanded him to come today; he did it anayway.
b. It separates two clauses, one of which is introduced by a
conjuctive adverb or a phrase acting like one.
Ex: The house has been on the market for a year now;
however, no buyer has expressed interest in the property.
c. It separates items in series if they themselves are set off
by commas.
Ex: The theater group is going to perform in San Fernando,
La Union; Vigan City, Ilocos Sur; and Laoag City, Ilocos
Norte.
8. Common dash or em dash (-)
a. It can be used in place of a colon or a semicolon to
connect clauses, the second of which explains or
expands the first clause.
Ex: The couple will not see their loved ones for a while – they
resolved to make their new house in a new country their
second home
b. It can be used in place of a comma before words and
phrases that introduce examples or explanations.
Ex: We are taking the next step in the process – that is, the
taste test.
c. It may introduce a summary statement after a
series of words or phrases.
Ex: A bed, a telephone, a refrigerator, a television –
these are the things you need in your new place.
 11th Grade

Reading and Writing:

Capitalization
What is capitalization?
Capitalization is writing the first letter of a word in
uppercase while the rest of the letters of the word
are in lowercase. It helps in deciphering the
meaning of words. If proper nouns are not
capitalized, for instance, their meanings can
change, and this can lead to misunderstanding.
Capitalization Rules

1. Proper nouns
Ex: Maggie, Quezon City, Quipper
2. Proper adjectives
Ex: Philippine, Canadian, Asian
3. Days of the week
Ex: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Sunday
4. Months of the year
Ex: August, September, December
5. Specific course titles
Ex: English 11, Theater 101
6. Kinship names
Ex: Grandma, Dad, Aunt Paz, Uncle Alvin
- It is used in place of personal names and if they are
followed by personal names.
7. Names of historical periods, events, and documents
Ex: the Great Depression, the Renaissance, the
Constitution
- Adjectives, verbs, adverbs, nouns, and pronouns are
capitalized in a title. Do not capitalize conjunctions,
prepositions, and articles, except when they are the first
or last word in a title.
Ex: Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found
There
The Sisterhood of the Travelling Pants
8. Writing Sentences
- Capitalize the first word of every sentence whether they
are declarative, interrogative, imperative, or
exclamatory sentences.
Ex: I always eat a piece of fruit every meal.
Have you tried riding a rollercoaster?
Always wear your school uniform and ID.
This theme park is amazing!
 11th Grade

Reading and Writing:

The Use of Boldface, Italics,
and Underline
Using word processors, one can
have many ways to emphasize
words in writing: three of those are
the boldface, the italics, and the
underline.
Boldface
The boldface is commonly used on the following:
a. Important words in a sentence or a paragraph.
In the short paragraph, the word being defined is
emphasized by setting it in boldface.
b. News headlines and titles of news and magazine articles.
c. Headings of paragraphs, tables, and charts
Sample heading of a paragraph:
Sample heading of a table:
Sample heading of a chart:
Italics
The italics are frequently used on the following:
a. Titles of books and other long literary texts
b. Foreign words
c. Important words in a sentence or
paragraph
d. Inner thoughts or memory flashbacks in
literary texts
Underline
Before word processors were invented, underlining used to
be the most common form of emphasis for written texts.
Today, the most common underlined text in a paragraph is
a Web address, the location of a website on the internet.
Because it is a hyperlink, the reader can access the website
by clicking on the Web address.
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Table of contents

01 02 03
Section Section Section
You can describe the You can describe the You can describe the
topic of the section here topic of the section here topic of the section here

04 05 06
Section Section Section
You can describe the You can describe the You can describe the
topic of the section here topic of the section here topic of the section here
Name of the section
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
Vocabulary skills

Do you know what helps you make your point

very clear?
Lists like this one:

● They’re simple
● You can organize your ideas clearly
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!

And the most important thing: the audience

won’t miss the point of your presentation
Prefixes

de- dis- down-

Mercury Venus Mars

It’s the closest planet Venus has a beautiful Despite being red,
to the Sun and the name and is the Mars is actually a cold
smallest one in the second planet from place. It’s full of iron
Solar System the Sun. It’s hot there oxide dust
Suffixes

-ty -ment -ness -ship

Venus Mars Jupiter Saturn

Venus is the Despite being Jupiter is the Saturn is a gas
second planet red, Mars is a biggest planet of giant and has
from the Sun cold place them all several rings
Exercise: choose the correct

Disable
Prefix Synonym
Venus is the second Saturn is a gas
planet from the Sun Serenity Cold / giant with rings
freeze

Suffix Up / down
Antonym
Despite being red, Jupiter is the
Mars is a cold place biggest planet
Homophones examples

Ad Dual Caret
You can write a You can write a You can write a
description here description here description here

Add Duel Carrot

You can write a You can write a You can write a
description here description here description here
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
Idioms
Venus has a beautiful
name and is the second Idiom Meaning
planet from the Sun. It’s
terribly hot, even hotter
than Mercury, and its It's raining cats and dogs It's raining hard
atmosphere is extremely
poisonous. It’s the second-
brightest natural object in
Let the cat out of the bag Give away a secret
the night sky after the
Moon. In addition, Earth is
the third planet from the
Sun and where we all live Live and learn Learn from a mistake
Awesome
words
“This is a quote, words full of wisdom
that someone important said and can
make the reader get inspired.”

—SOMEONE
FAMOUS
A PICTURE IS
WORTH A
THOUSAND
WORDS
 Name of the
section 03
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
123,456,789
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
 9h 55m 23s
Jupiter's rotation period

333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

386,000 km
Distance between Earth and the Moon
23% 45% 78%
Venus is the Jupiter is the Despite being
second planet biggest planet in red, Mars is a
from the Sun the Solar System cold place
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The teachers

Jenna Doe Timmy Jimmy

You can speak a bit You can speak a bit
about this person here about this person here
Exercise: synonyms & antonyms

Concept Synonym Concept Antonym

Good Nice Day Night

Bad - Summer -

Small - Hot -

Big - Long -

Hard - Fast -
This is a map

Mercury Venus
Mercury is the Venus has a
closest planet beautiful
to the Sun and name and is
the smallest the second
one in the planet from
Solar System the Sun
Exercise: connect the antonyms

Up Soft

Warm Down

Hard Worst

Best Cold
Exercise: suffixes
Write a word for the suffix Write a word for the suffix

-able -ence
-al -er
-dom -ish
-en -ism
Exercise: prefixes
Prefix

mis- re- pre-

_print _paid _judge

Word
Words with both prefix & suffix

Im- moral -ly

Immorally
Prefix Main word Suffix
Mercury is the Venus has a Mars is actually a
smallest planet beautiful name very cold place
This is a graphic

Mercury
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun

Venus
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun

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“Mercury is closest “Despite being red,
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