LINEAR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS II

LECTURE 2: LAPLACE TRANSFORM 1:

BASICS (2) – THE INVERSE LAPLACE AND MORE
TRANSFORM PROPERTIES

LECTURER: ANTONIUS SUHARTOMO, Ph.D

TOPIC AGENDAS

• Laplace Transform Properties (Continued Lecture 1)

• First order time differential formula
• Solution Integrodifferential Equation by the Laplace Transform
• Laplace Invers Transform
• Partial Fraction Expansions
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3 LAPLACE TRANSFORM PROPERTIES

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4 LAPLACE TRANSFORM PROPERTIES

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5 TIME SHIFT PROPERTY:

• If the for

• Proof:

• Let , then , and the integration with respect to yields

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6 EXAMPLES

1.12 Using shift property, find for • Solution:

sketched in figure below, • Using step function and shifted, it yields

3 𝑢( 𝑡 ) • Hence,
+
3
3 3

5 𝑢(𝑡 – 1) 2 5
5
1 1
–2 –2
2 𝑢(𝑡 – 2)
2
1
2
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1.13 Compute the inverse transform of the • Using shift theorem (see an example
function 1.12),

• Solution: • By linearity of the inverse Laplace

• Direct calculation, transform,

1 1 1
= −
𝑠 ( 𝑠+ 1 ) 𝑠 𝑠 +1
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8 MULTIPLICATION-BY-T PROPERTY

• This property follows by direct application of the Laplace transform integral to a

function, with the observation that
• Hence,

1.14 Let , using multiplication-by-t property, we obtain,

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1.15 Compute for the pulse f(t) and the triangular waveform sketched in figures below,

• Solution:
• Recall, (see eq. 1.16 from example 1.8)
• Then,

• Since hence,
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10 FREQUENCY SHIFT PROPERTY

• By direct calculation,

when we view the sum in the integral as a new variable , it will lead to with replaced by
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11 FREQUENCY SHIFT PROPERTY

1.16 Given that

• Compute if
• Solution:
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12

• In the frequency shift Laplace

Transform, any result of s replace by
• Thus, if is • Hence,
• Since,
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13 FIRST ORDER TIME DIFFERENTIAL FORMULA

• Thus,
• The differential property is derived via
integration by parts as follows:

or
• Let this integrate by part, and we let and
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14

1.17 Find if
Solution: 1 s s
L[cos(t )u (t )]   2
• Since,  (s   ) s   2
2 2

• Hence,
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1.18 Let f(t) and its derivative have shapes as in figure below, find .

• Solution:

• And
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16

• From differentiation formula it must follow that

• Thus,

• It is consistent
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17

1.19 Find the Laplace transform of the • Solution:

signal f(t) sketched below using • Observe that the triangular waveform is
integration property.
the integral of the square wave since g(t)
is easily represented in term of steps and
shifted step as,
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18

• From linearity and time shift property,

• Thus, the integration property implies that

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19 TIME OR FREQUENCY SCALING PROPERTY

• Let and
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20

• 1.20 Figure bellow shows unit impulse • Solution:

trains as a sampling of signal application.
The figure on RHS is the time-scaled of
the figure on LHS (twice as often as in • The time scaling will be
the original), find
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21 SOLUTION INTEGRODIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION BY THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
• If the differential equations relates a sum input and output signals are voltages, then
d n v out d n 1vout d m vin d m 1
n
 a1 n 1
   a n v out  b0 m
 b1 m 1    bm vin
dt dt dt dt
• Procedure for solving differential equations
- Take the Laplace transform of both sides of the
equation, using the appropriate derivative formulas
- Manipulate the resulting expression for
- Execute a partial fraction expansion
- Inverse transform the partial fraction expansion to obtain the answer.
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22 EXAMPLE

1.21 Consider the pulse excitation below in the figure (a) to RC circuit in figure (b).
1)Find the differential equation by using Laplace transform techniques from the RC circuit
2)Find the response voltage
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23

• Solution:
• Step1: Find Since

• Step 2: Find the circuit’s differential model that links the excitation current i(t) to the
response voltage Since and , summing the current yields
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24

• Step 3: Take the Laplace transform of both sides, apply the differentiation rule to the left
side, and solve for Applying Laplace transform to both sides yields

Solving for produces

Some straight forward calculations show that

Thus, with the aid of shift property and the transform pair of table 13.1, we obtain
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• Because of the initial condition and the magnitude of pulse input, the capacitor voltage is
constant for At t = 1 s, the pulse magnitude drops to zero, making the circuit equivalent
to a source-free RC circuit in which the capacitor voltage decay to zero, as show in the
figure below.
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1.22 Compute the response denoted by the input to the input voltage excitation given the
series RLC circuit of the figure below. Suppose the initial conditions are and

Solution:
Step 1 Compute the Laplace transform of the input.
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Step 2 Compute the integrodifferential equation of the circuit

above.

Step 3 Take the Laplace transform of both sides, substitute for ,

• It produces, and and solve for
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Step 4 Find Taking the inverse Laplace transform yields the desired result:

• A plot of this response appear approximately in the figure below

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THE INVERSE
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LAPLACE TRANSFORM
• The inverse Laplace transform integral is a complex line integral defined as
(1.17)
• over a particular path in the complex plane.
• The path is taken to be the vertical line where ranges from to and is any real number
greater than the abscissa of absolute convergence.
• All the transform of interest have a rational function structure, i.e., F(s) is the ratio of two
polynomials
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1) PARTIAL FRACTION EXPANSIONS: DISTINCT

31

POLES
• The rational functions,

where and are the zeros of the denominator polynomial

and are called finite poles of F(s)

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1) PARTIAL FRACTION EXPANSIONS: DISTINCT

32

POLES (CONT’D)
• There are three cases,
• Case of distinct poles:

• Case of repeated poles:

• Case of complex poles

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1) PARTIAL FRACTION EXPANSIONS: DISTINCT

33

POLES (CONT’D)
• If F(s) is a proper rational function with distinct poles , then
1.18
where
1.19a
and where the residue is
1.19
• Thus,
1.20
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EXAMPLE
34

1.23 Find f(t) when

(1.21)

• A is found by multiplying equation (1.21) by and uses

• Thus from equation 1.19b,
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35

• Similar to B,

• Hence,
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2) PARTIAL FRACTION EXPANSION: REPEATED

36

POLES
• For example,

• where the denominator factor specifies a repeated root of order is the remaining factor in
the denominator of the rational function and is the numerator of .
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• The formula for computing are,

• In generals,
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EXAMPLE:
38

1.24 Compute when

• Solution:
• First find and
• Now, finding and is more difficult, since their solution requires differentiation,
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40

• The RHS of components doesn’t need to differentiate since and disappear at

• Similarly,

Alternatively, since we have known and , then evaluate the equation at to

obtain,

• Hence
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3) PARTIAL FRACTION EXPANSIONS: DISTINCT

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COMPLEX POLES
• Consider a rational function having a pair of distinct complex poles,

• Since the poles and are distinct.

• Since the poles are complex conjugates of each other, the residues of each poles are
complex conjugate as,

for appropriate polynomial and

• The residue is
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42

• With A and B known, executing a little algebra on above equation to eliminate complex
numbers results in an expression more agreeable to inversion
C1 s  C 2 n1 ( s )
F (s)  
(s  a) 2   2 d (s)
where
C1  2 A
C 2  2aA  2B
C1 s  C 2 sa  C 2  C1 a  
 C   

1
(s  a) 2   2 ( s  a) 2   2   ( s  a)  
2 2
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• Find f(t) when,

• The first step is to find D by the usual techniques,

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44

• Given , to find we evaluate at

• With and we evaluate at

• Thus,

• Using table 13.1, items 8 and 9, it yields

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45

Using Matlab. It implies that

>> num = [3, 1, 3];
>> den = [1 1 4 4];
This consistent with
>> [r,p,k] = residue (num, den)
r=
1.0000 + 0.25001
1.0000 – 0.25001
1.0000 – 0.00001
p=
- 0.0000 + 2.00001
- 0.0000 – 2.00001
- 1.0000
k=0
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With Matlab,
>> K = 2*sqrt(A^2 + B^2)
K = 2.0616
>> theta = atan2(B.A)*180/pi
tetha = - 14.0362
From item 19 of the same table, for
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TABLE 13.1 LAPLACE TRANSFORM PAIRS

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TABLE 13.1 LAPLACE TRANSFORM PAIRS

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(CONT’D)
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TABLE 13.1 LAPLACE TRANSFORM PAIRS

49

(CONT’D)