Understanding System of

Linear Equations
Made by – Akshat Tripathi, Jatin Dhar Dubey ,
Manuradha Singh, Harsh Pandey, Krishna
Agarwal.
Linear Equations : -
A linear equation is an equation in which the highest power of the variable is always 1.
It is also known as a one-degree equation. The standard form of a linear equation in
one variable is of the form Ax + B = 0. Here, x is a variable, A is a coefficient and B is
constant. The standard form of a linear equation in two variables is of the form Ax +
By = C. Here, x and y are variables, A and B are coefficients and C is a constant.
In This Presentation we will talk about :
I. What is a System of Linear Equations?
II. Types of Systems
III. Methods for Solving Systems
IV. Applications of Systems of Linear Equations
V. Special Cases
VI. Advantages of Using Systems of Linear Equations
VII.Limitations and Challenges
VIII.Conclusion
Standard Form Of Linear Graphical Representation Of
Equation. Linear Equations
Definition of system of linear equations
• In mathematics, a system of linear equations (or linear system) is a collection of one or more linear
equations involving the same variables.
• A linear system in three variables determines a collection of planes The intersection point is the
solution.
For example,
3x+2y−z=1
2x-2y+4z=−2
−x+1/2y−z=0
is a system of three equations in the three variables x, y, z. A solution to a linear system is an
assignment of values to the variables such that all the equations are simultaneously satisfied.
A solution to the system above is given by the ordered triple
(x,y,z)=(1,−2,−2),
since it makes all three equations valid. The word "system" indicates that the equations should be
considered collectively, rather than individually.
Multiple linear equations:- It is system of equations that contain more than one variable. The
solution to such a system is a set of values for each variable that satisfies all equations in the system

The coefficient b, often denoted a0 is called the constant term . Depending on the context, the
term coefficient can be reserved for the ai with i > 0.
There are multiple ways to solve these equations, including elimination and substitution .
Classification of System of Linear Equations
• Systems of equations can be classified by the number of solutions
• If a system has at least one solution, it is said to be consistent.
• If a consistent system has exactly one solution, it is independent.

• In a system of equations, the terms “dependent” and “independent” refer

to the number of solutions that the system has. An independent system of
equations has exactly one solution, while a dependent system of equations
has infinitely many solutions .
• A system of equations is dependent if one equation can be obtained by
adding or subtracting multiples of the other equation. In this case, the two
equations represent the same line and have infinitely many solutions .
• On the other hand, a system of equations is independent if the two
equations represent two distinct lines that intersect at exactly one point. In
this case, there is exactly one solution to the system.
Geometric interpretation of different types of
systems
• In the case of a unique solution, the system
of linear equations can be interpreted as the
intersection point of two or more lines in a
plane or two or more planes in space. The
intersection point is the only point that
satisfies all the equations in the system
• In the case of no solution, the system of
linear equations can be interpreted as two or
more lines that are parallel to each other in a
plane or two or more planes that do not
intersect in space. There is no point that
satisfies all the equations in the system
• In the case of infinitely many solutions, the
system of linear equations can be interpreted
as two or more lines that overlap each other
in a plane or two or more planes that
intersect in a line in space. Any point on this
line satisfies all the equations in the system
Method For Solving Systems:
Substitution Method:
The substitution method is a common technique for solving a system of linear equations. This method involves solving one equation for one variable and then
substituting that expression into the other equations. Here are the general steps to solve a system of linear equations using the substitution method:
Step 1: Solve one equation for one variable Choose one of the equations in the system and solve it for one of the variables in terms of the other variables. This will
give you an expression for one variable in terms of the others.
For example, if you have the system of equations:
2x + y = 5
3x - 2y = 4
You can solve the first equation (equation 1) for y:
2x + y = 5 y = 5 - 2x
Step 2: Substitute the expression into the other equations Take the expression you found in step 1 and substitute it into the other equations in the system. Replace the
variable you solved for with the expression you found.
In our example, we substitute the expression for y into the second equation (equation 2):
3x - 2(5 - 2x) = 4
Step 3: Solve for the remaining variable Now, you have a single equation with one variable. Solve this equation for the remaining variable.
3x - 10 + 4x = 4
Combine like terms:
7x - 10 = 4
Add 10 to both sides:
7x = 14
Divide by 7:
x=2
Step 4: Find the values of the other variables Once you have found the value of one variable (in this case, x), you can substitute it back into one of the original
equations to find the value of the other variable. We'll use equation 1:
2x + y = 5 2(2) + y = 5 4 + y = 5
Subtract 4 from both sides:
y=5-4y=1
So, the solution to the system of equations is:
x=2y=1
This method allows you to find the values of the variables that satisfy all the equations in the system.
 Matrix Method:

Solving a system of linear equations using matrix methods is a powerful and efficient technique, especially when dealing with
larger systems. This method involves representing the system of equations as a matrix equation and then using matrix
operations to solve for the variables. Here's how you can do it:
Consider a system of linear equations in the form:
1.a₁x + b₁y + c₁z = d₁
2.a₂x + b₂y + c₂z = d₂a
3.a₃x + b₃y + c₃z = d₃
You can represent this system of equations in matrix form as AX = B, where:
•A is the coefficient matrix of the variables x, y, and z.
•X is the column vector containing the variables x, y, and z.
•B is the column vector containing the constants d ₁, d ₂, and d ₃.
The matrix equation AX = B looks like this:
| a ₁ b₁ c ₁ | | x | | d ₁ | | a ₂ b ₂ c ₂ | x | y | = | d ₂ | | a ₃ b ₃ c ₃ | | z | | d ₃ |
To solve for X, you can use the following formula:
X = A⁻¹ * B
Here's a step-by-step process for solving a system of linear equations using the matrix method:
Step 1: Write down the coefficient matrix A and the constant vector B based on the given system of equations.
Step 2: Calculate the inverse of matrix A, denoted as A ⁻¹.
Step 3: Multiply the inverse of A by the vector B to find the vector X, which contains the solutions for the variables x, y, and z.
Applications Of System Of Linear Equation:
System of linear equations, which consists of multiple linear equations with the same set of
variables, has a wide range of applications in various fields. Here are some applications along with
explanations:
1.Economics:
1. Market Equilibrium: In economics, linear equations are used to model supply and demand
relationships in markets. The intersection of these equations represents the equilibrium price
and quantity.
2.Engineering:
1. Electrical Circuits: Linear equations are used to analyze and solve complex electrical circuits,
determining voltage, current, and resistance relationships.
2. Structural Analysis: Engineers use linear equations to analyze the forces and stresses in
structures like bridges and buildings.
3.Physics:
1. Motion Equations: Linear equations are used to describe the motion of objects in physics. For
example, the equations of motion describe how position, velocity, and acceleration change
over time.
Special Case:-
Homogeneous System Of
Linear Equations:-
A homogeneous system of linear equations is a system in which all the constant terms are
zero. This means that each equation in the system has the form:
A homogeneous system always has at least one solution, namely the zero vector. This is
called the trivial solution, where the value of each variable is 0.
However, a homogeneous system may also have nontrivial solutions. These are solutions
other than the trivial solution and can be found using various methods such as Gaussian
elimination or Cramer’s rule.
In summary, a homogeneous system of linear equations always has at least one solution
(the trivial solution), and it may also have nontrivial solutions depending on the
coefficients of the variables in the equations.
 Why linear equations and systems are valuable in problem-solving:
 Model real-world problems: Systems of linear equations can model a variety of real-world problems in
many fields.
 Solve complex problems: Systems of linear equations can solve complex problems that are difficult or
impossible to solve with other methods.
 Gain insights: Systems of linear equations can provide insights into complex systems and relationships .
Now let’s talk about the Efficiency and applicability of linear models:
 Relatively easy to solve, even for complex problems. There are a
variety of efficient methods for solving systems of linear
equations, such as graphical methods, substitution methods,
elimination methods, and matrix methods.
 Versatile and can be used to model a wide variety of different
phenomena. This is because linear relationships are very
common in the real world. For example, many physical laws are
linear, such as the law of motion and the law of gravity.
Situations where linear equations and systems may not provide
accurate solutions:
Nonlinear relationships: Systems of linear equations cannot
accurately model nonlinear relationships.
Complex systems: Systems of linear equations cannot
accurately model complex systems with many interacting Let’s talk about the
parts.
conclusion –
Examples:
Systems of linear equations are a
 The relationship between the temperature of a gas and its
powerful tool for solving problems in a
pressure is nonlinear. This means that a system of linear
wide range of fields. However, it is
equations cannot be used to accurately predict the pressure
important to be aware of the limitations
of a gas at a given temperature.
of these systems. Systems of linear
 The climate system is a very complex system that is
equations may not provide accurate
difficult to model accurately. Even the most sophisticated
solutions for problems involving
climate models cannot perfectly predict future climate
nonlinear relationships or complex
conditions.
systems.