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Ch5 Rev

1) Tension members experience axial forces and stretching, making them very efficient load carriers. However, their strength can be reduced by the presence of bolt holes, shear lag effects, or block shear failure. 2) The design strength of a tension member is governed by either yielding of the gross section or rupture of the net section at holes or joints. Codes provide formulas to calculate the design strength based on the type of member and connections. 3) Additional factors like gusset thickness, angle thickness, end connection stiffness can impact the tensile strength of angles loaded eccentrically through gussets. Block shear failure also needs to be considered in the design of angle and plate connections.

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37 views30 pages

Ch5 Rev

1) Tension members experience axial forces and stretching, making them very efficient load carriers. However, their strength can be reduced by the presence of bolt holes, shear lag effects, or block shear failure. 2) The design strength of a tension member is governed by either yielding of the gross section or rupture of the net section at holes or joints. Codes provide formulas to calculate the design strength based on the type of member and connections. 3) Additional factors like gusset thickness, angle thickness, end connection stiffness can impact the tensile strength of angles loaded eccentrically through gussets. Block shear failure also needs to be considered in the design of angle and plate connections.

Uploaded by

komalthawrani.idea
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

Arijit Guha
Sr. Manager (Civil & Structural)
Institute for Steel Development & Growth
email: [email protected]
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

Introduction
Behaviour of Tension Members
Plates Under Tension
Angles Under Tension
Code Provisions
Summary
INTRODUCTION
Characteristics
– Members Experience
• Axial force
• Stretching
• Uniform stress over the cross section
– Very Efficient Member
• Strength governed by the material strength
• Bolt holes affect the strength
INTRODUCTION
Applications: suspenders

rafter

tie (a) Roof Truss


purlin
Sag rod (b) Suspended Building

Top chord

(c) Roof Purlin System (d) Braced frame

Fig.1(a ) Tension Members IN Buildings


INTRODUCTION

(a) Road bridge


Stay cables

(b) Cable stayed Bridge

suspenders

(c) Suspension Bridge

Fig.1(b) Tension Members in Bridges


INTRODUCTION
Cross Sections Used for Tension Members

Channel

Angle Double Angle

Rod Cable

Built up sections
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
BEHAVIOUR IN TENSION
Material Properties
High Strength Steel
T
Mild Steel
d
Yield Plateau
fy b
e
c

a

0.2%
BEHAVIOR IN TENSION
• Load – Deformation behavior is similar to the
corresponding basic material stress-strain
relationship
• Mild Steel member exhibit an elastic range (a - b).
• This is followed by Yield plateau (b – c). The
Load remains Constant in this region. Elongation
increases to nearly ten times the yield strain.
• Further stretching induces smaller increase in
tension with elongation (C – d). This stage is
called strain hardening range.
• After reaching ultimate load (d) the loading
decreases as the elongation increase (d – e) until
rupture at (e).
SECTION 6 DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

6.1 Tension Members


6.2 Design Strength due to Yielding of Gross Section
6.3 Design Strength due to Rupture of Critical Section
6.3.1 Plates
6.3.2 Threaded Rods
6.3.3 Single Angles
6.3.4 Other Sections
6.4 Design Strength due to Block Shear
6.4.1 Bolted Connection:--Plates & Angles
6.4.2 Welded Connection
TENSION MEMBERS
• Strength due to Yielding of Gross Section

• Design Strength under axial tension, as governed


by yielding of Gross Section is
Tdg = Ag.fy / mo

fy = Yield Stress of material


Ag = Gross area of Cross section
mo = Partial safety Factor = 1.10 (Table – 5)
BEHAVIOUR IN TENSION
Strength due to Rupture of Net Section
u
Plates with a Hole y

(a) Elastic (b) Elasto-Plastic (c) Ultimate

Tdn = 0.9.An.fu / m1 m1 = 1.25


In statically loaded plates the point adjacent to the
holes reaches yield stress fy first.
Plates in Tension
• On further loading, the stress at that point
remains constant at yield stress fy and the
section plastifies progressively away from the
hole
• Ultimately the entire net section at the hole
reaches yield stress, fy.
• Finally the section ruptures when the entire net
section reaches ultimate stress, fu.
• A small length of the member adjacent to the
smallest cross section at the holes would
stretch a lot at fu. As long as the gross section
is below yield stress, the design strength is
given as mentioned earlier.
BEHAVIOUR IN TENSION
Plates with Holes 1

d b g
2

3
(a) (b) 1 p 4
Case a: Net Area: = t (b - 2*d)
(c)
Case b: Net Area: = t (b – d)
P = pitch
Case c: Net Area: < t (b – d)
g = gauge
> t (b - 2*d)
TENSION MEMBERS
• Plates With Holes
ps

g
dh
g b
g
g

PLATES WITH BOLTS HOLES IN TENSION

 

psi2
An = b  nd h  t
 i
4 gi 
BEHAVIOUR IN TENSION
Threaded Rods in Tension

f < fy fy fu

droot

dgross elastic elastic - Ultimate


Plastic
Gross Area Design Strength (Ptg)
Tdg = fy * Ag /MO MO = 1.10

Net Area Design Strength (Ptn)


Tdn = 0.9 * fu * An / M1 M1 = 1.25
BEHAVIOUR IN TENSION
• ANGLES Eccentrically Loaded Through Gussets

Gusset plate
ANGLES UNDER TENSION
• Factors Affecting Angle Strength

– Effect of Gusset Thickness : No Significant


effect
– Effect of Angle Thickness : No Significant
effect
– Effect of Shear Lag : Affects Tensile
Strength
– Effect of End Connections : Affects Tensile
Strength
– Effect of Block Shear : Affects Tensile
Strength
ANGLES UNDER TENSION

Effect of Shear Lag

Shear Lag Strength Reduction


Shear Lag as Ao / Ag
Shear Lag as end connection Stiffness
ANGLES UNDER TENSION
Strength of Net Section
Tdn = 0.9 *Anc* fu /M1 +  * Ao fy / MO

 = 1.4 – 0.076 (w/t) (fy/fu) (bs/Lc ) ≤ (fu.m0 / fym1)

≥ 0.7
t
w
w

bs=w+w1 - t bs=w
w1
TENSION MEMBER
• Block Shear failure In Angle Sections

  
Tdb  Avg . f y / 3 mo  0.9 Atn . f u /  m1 
OR

  
Tdb  0.9 Avn . f u / 3 m1  Atg . f y /  mo 
Avg, Avn = Min. gross & net area in shear along bolt line
parallel to external force
Atg, Atn = Min. gross & bet area in tension from the bolt
hole to the toe of angle, end bolt line, perpendicular to
the line of force
TENSION MEMBERS

1 1 2
2
4 4
3 3

Block Shear Failure of Plates Block Shear Failure of Angles


DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
Efficiency
 = Pt /(Ag * fy / M0)
Design Steps
An = Ptn / (0.9*fu / M1)
Ag = Ptg / (fy / M0)
Choose a trial section
Analyze for its strength
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
Stiffness Requirements
Designed for compression under
stress reversal l/r < 250

Not designed for compression under


stress reversal l/r < 350

Members under tension only l/r < 400


DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
Summary

Efficient load carrying members

Efficiency may reduce due to bolt holes

Efficiency may reduce due to shear lag

Efficiency may reduce due to block shear

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