Unit-2

Data Models
 Outline
Looping
• Basic concept of E-R diagram
• Types of Attributes
• Mapping Cardinality
• Weak Entity Sets
• Extended E-R features
• Generalization and Specialization
• Constraints on Specialization and
Generalization
• Aggregation
• E-R diagram of Hospital Management System
• Reduction to E-R Database Schema
• Database Models
• Integrity Constraints
Basic concept of E-R diagram
Section - 1
Basic concepts
 What is Database Design?
 Database Design is a collection of processes that facilitate the designing, development, implementation
and maintenance of enterprise database management systems.
 What is E-R diagram?
 E-R diagram: (Entity-Relationship diagram)
 It is graphical (pictorial) representation of database.
 It uses different types of symbols to represent different objects of database.

Unit 2 – Data Models 4

Entity
 An entity is a person, a place or an object.
Entity Name
 An entity is represented by a rectangle which contains the name of an entity.
 Entities of a college database are: Symbol
 Student
 Professor/Faculty
 Course
 Department
Student Faculty Course
 Result
 Class
 Subject

Exercise Write down the different entities of bank

database.
Exercise Write down the different entities of hospital
database.

Unit 2 – Data Models 5

Entity Set
 It is a set (group) of entities of same type.
 Examples:
 All persons having an account in a bank
 All the students studying in a college
 All the professors working in a college
 Set of all accounts in a bank

Unit 2 – Data Models 6

Attributes
 Attribute is properties or details about an entity. Attribute
 An attribute is represented by an oval containing name of an attribute. Name

 Attributes of Student are: Symbol

 Roll No
 Student Name
RollNo Name
 Branch
 Semester
 Address
 Mobile No Student
 Age
 SPI
 Backlogs
Exercise Write down the different attributes of Faculty
entity.
Exercise Write down the different attributes of Account entity.
Unit 2 – Data Models 7
Relationship
 Relationship is an association (connection) between several entities.
 It should be placed between two entities and a line connecting it to an entity.
 A relationship is represented by a diamond containing relationship's name.

Relationship
Name

Symbol

Student Issue Book

Unit 2 – Data Models 8

E-R Diagram of a Library System
Primary Primary
Key Key
Attributes
RollNo Name BookNo Name
Relationship

Student Issue Book

Branch Sem Entities Author Price

Each and every entity must have one primary key attribute.
Relationship between 2 entities is called binary relationship.

Unit 2 – Data Models 9

Ternary Relationship
ProjectID Project Name

Project

FacID Name RollNo Name

Faculty Guide Student

Branch Technology Branch Sem

Relationship between 3 entities is called ternary

relationship.
Unit 2 – Data Models 10
Exercise
 Draw an E-R diagram of following pair of entities
 Customer & Account
 Customer & Loan
 Doctor & Patient
 Student & Project
 Student & Teacher
 Note: Take four attributes per entity with one primary key attribute.
Keep proper relationship between two entities.

Unit 2 – Data Models 11

Types of Attributes
Section - 2
Types of Attributes

Simple Attribute Composite Attribute

Cannot be divided into subparts Can be divided into subparts
E.g. RollNo, CPI E.g. Name
(first name, middle name, last name)
Address
(street, road, city)

Symbol Symbol Name

Roll No First name Last name

Middle name

Unit 2 – Data Models 13

Types of Attributes

Single-valued Attribute Multi-valued Attribute

Has single value Has multiple (more than one) value
E.g. RollNo, CPI E.g. PhoneNo
(person may have multiple phone
nos)
EmailID
(person may have multiple emails)
Symbol Symbol

Roll No Phone No

Unit 2 – Data Models 14

Types of Attributes

Stored Attribute Derived Attribute

It’s value is derived or calculated from
It’s value is stored manually in database
other attributes
E.g. Birthdate E.g. Age
(can be calculated using current date
and birthdate)
Symbol Symbol
Birthdate Age

Unit 2 – Data Models 15

Entity with all types of Attributes

Middle
Name
First Name Last
Single Name
Simple
Value
RollNo Name Composite Apartment
Derived Composite

Age Student Address Street

Multiple Stored
Value
Phone No Birth Date Area

Unit 2 – Data Models 16

Exercise
 Draw an E-R diagram of Banking Management System.
 Draw an E-R diagram of Hospital Management System.
 Draw an E-R diagram of College Management System.
 Take only 2 entities
 Keep proper relationship between two entities
 Use all types of attributes

Unit 2 – Data Models 17

Descriptive Attribute
 Attributes of the relationship is called descriptive attribute.

Descriptive
Attribute

Issue
RollNo Name Date BookNo Name

Student Issue Book

Branch Sem Author Price

Unit 2 – Data Models 18

Role
 Roles are indicated by labeling the lines that connect diamonds (relationship) to rectangles
(entity).
 The labels “Coordinator” and “Head” are called roles; they specify Faculty entities interact
with whom via Reports_To relationship set.
 Role labels are optional, and are used to clarify semantics (meaning) of the relationship.

EmpID Name

Coordinator
Reports_T
Faculty
o
Head

Branch Experience

Unit 2 – Data Models 19

Recursive Relationship Set
 The same entity participates in a relationship set more than once then it is called recursive
relationship set.
FacID FName DeptID DName

Faculty Works Department

Post Recursive
Relationship
FName Post Set DName
Ajay Professor Prof. Computer
f.
Haresh Professor PPrroof./ Civil
HOD
Ramesh HOD Mechanical

Unit 2 – Data Models 20

Mapping Cardinality
Section - 3
Mapping Cardinality (Cardinality Constraints)
 It represents the number of entities of another entity set which are connected to an entity
using a relationship set.
 It is most useful in describing binary relationship sets.
 For a binary relationship set the mapping cardinality must be one of the following types:
 One to One
 One to Many
 Many to One
 Many to Many

Unit 2 – Data Models 22

One-to-One relationship (1 – 1)
 An entity in A is associated with only one entity in B and an entity in B is associated with
only one entity in A.

customer borrow loan

A1 B1
C L
1 1
A2 B2 C L
2 2
C L
A B 3 3

 Example: A customer is connected with only one loan using the relationship borrower and a
loan is connected with only one customer using borrower.

Unit 2 – Data Models 23

One-to-Many relationship (1 – N)
 An entity in A is associated with more than one entities in B and an entity in B is
associated with only one entity in A.

customer borrow loan

A1 B1
C L
1 1
A2 B2 C L
2 2
C L
A B 3 3
L
4

 Example: A loan is connected with only one customer using borrower and a customer is
connected with more than one loans using borrower.

Unit 2 – Data Models 24

Many-to-One relationship (N – 1)
 An entity in A is associated with only one entity in B and an entity in B is associated with
more than one entities in A.

customer borrow loan

A1 B1
C L
1 1
A2 B2 C L
2 2
C L
A B 3 3
C
4

 Example: A loan is connected with more than one customer using borrower and a
customer is connected with only one loan using borrower.

Unit 2 – Data Models 25

Many-to-Many relationship (N – N)
 An entity in A is associated with more than one entities in B and an entity in B is
associated with more than one entities in A.

customer borrow loan

A1 B1
C L
1 1
A2 B2 C L
2 2
C L
A B 3 3
C L
4 4

 Example: A customer is connected with more than one loan using borrower and a loan is
connected with more than one customer using borrower.

Unit 2 – Data Models 26

Mapping Cardinality (Cardinality Constraints) [Exercise]
 Draw an E-R diagram and specify which type of mapping cardinality will be there in the
following examples:
 Each customer has only one account in the bank and each account is held by only one customer. [single
account]
 Each customer has only one account in the bank but an account can be held by more than one customer.
[joint account]
 A customer may have more than one account in the bank but each account is held by only one customer.
[multiple accounts]
 A customer may have more than one account in the bank and each account is held by more than one
customer. [join account as well as multiple accounts]
 A student can work in more than one project and a project can be done by more than one student.
 A student can issue more than one book but a book is issued to only one student.
 A subject is taught by more than one faculty and a faculty can teach more than one subject.

Unit 2 – Data Models 27

Participation Constraints
Section - 4
Participation Constraints
 It specifies the participation of an entity set in a relationship set.
 There are two types participation constraints
 Total participation
 Partial participation

Partial participation Total participation

• some entities in the entity set may not participate in • every entity in the entity set participates in at least
any relationship in the relationship set. one relationship in the relationship set.
• indicated by single line • indicated by double line

customer borrow loan

C L
1 1
Each customer has C L
maximum one loan 2 2
C
3
Unit 2 – Data Models 29
Weak Entity Set
Section - 5
Weak Entity Set
 An entity set that does not have a primary key is called weak entity set.

Payment-date

loan-no amount payment-no Payment-amount

loan L_P payment

Strong Entity Weak Entity Weak Entity

Set Relationship Set

• Weak entity set is indicated by double rectangle.

• Weak entity relationship set is indicated by double
diamond.

Unit 2 – Data Models 31

Weak Entity Set
 The existence of a weak entity set depends on the existence of a strong entity set.
 The discriminator (partial key) of a weak entity set is the set of attributes that
distinguishes all the entities of a weak entity set.
 The primary key of a weak entity set is created by combining the primary key of the
strong entity set on which the weak entity set is existence dependent and the weak entity
set’s discriminator.
 We underline the discriminator attribute of a weak entity set with a dashed line.
 Payment entity has payment-no which is discriminator.
 Loan entity has loan-no as primary key.
 So primary key for payment is (loan-no, payment-no).

Unit 2 – Data Models 32

Superclass v/s Subclass
Section - 6
Superclass v/s Subclass
Super Class Sub Class
A superclass is an entity from which another A subclass is an entity that is derived from
entities can be derived. another entity.
E.g, E.g,
an entity account has two subsets saving_account and current_account entities
saving_account and current_account are derived from entity account.
So an account is superclass. So saving_account and current_account are
subclass.

Account Super Class

Saving_Account Current_Account

Sub Class
Unit 2 – Data Models 34
Generalization v/s
Specialization
Section - 7
Generalization v/s Specialization
Generalization Specialization
It splits an entity to form multiple new
It extracts the common features of multiple
entities that inherit some feature of the
entities to form a new entity.
splitting entity.
Name Address Name Address
Salar
SPI
Person Person y
Name Name
IS IS

Top-down approach
Address A Address A
Bottom-up
approach

Student Faculty Student Faculty

Salar Salar
SPI SPI
y y

Unit 2 – Data Models 36

Generalization v/s Specialization
Generalization Specialization
The process of creation of group from The process of creation of sub-groups within
various entities is called generalization. an entity is called specialization.
It is Bottom-up approach. It is Top-down approach.
The process of taking the union of two or The process of taking a sub set of higher level
more lower level entity sets to produce a entity set to form a lower level entity set.
higher level entity set.
It starts from the number of entity sets and It starts from a single entity set and creates
creates high level entity set using some different low level entity sets using some
common features. different features.

Unit 2 – Data Models 37

Generalization & Specialization example

Name Address

PID City
Person

IS
A

Salar Balanc
Employee Customer
y e
IS
A

Full Time Part Time

Days
Hour Worked
Worked

Unit 2 – Data Models 38

Exercise
 Give the examples of Generalization/Specialization in the following E-R diagram:
 Hospital Management System.
 College Management System.
 Bank Management System.
 Insurance Company.

Unit 2 – Data Models 39

Constraints on
Specialization and
Generalization
Section - 8
Constraints on Specialization and Generalization

Constraints

Disjoint Participation

Non-disjoint Total Partial

Disjoint
(Overlapping) (Mandatory) (Optional)

Unit 2 – Data Models 41

Disjoint Constraint
 It describes relationship between members of the superclass and subclass and indicates
whether member of a superclass can be a member of one, or more than one subclass.
 Types of disjoint constraints
 Disjoint Constraint
 Non-disjoint (Overlapping) Constraint

Unit 2 – Data Models 42

Disjoint Constraint
 It specifies that the entity of a super class can belong to only one lower-level entity set
(sub class).
 Specified by ‘d’ or by writing disjoint near to the ISA triangle.
Employee
Cricketer (Super class)
(Super class)

Disjoin
t
Batsman Bowler ISA
(Sub class) (Sub class)

Full-time Part-time
(Sub class) (Sub class)

All the players are associated with only one sub class either (Batsman or
Bowler).
Unit 2 – Data Models 43
Non-disjoint (Overlapping) Constraint
 It specifies that an entity of a super class can belong to more than one lower-level entity
set (sub class).
 Specified by ‘o’ or by writing overlapping near to the ISA triangle.
Employee
Cricketer (Super class)
(Super class)

disjoint
Non-
Batsman Bowler ISA
(Sub class) (Sub class)

Faculty Head
(Sub class) (Sub class)

One player (Yuvraj singh) is associated with more than one sub
class.
Unit 2 – Data Models 44
Constraints on Specialization and Generalization

Constraints

Disjoint Participation

Non-disjoint Total Partial

Disjoint
(Overlapping) (Mandatory) (Optional)

Unit 2 – Data Models 45

Participation (Completeness) Constraint
 It determines whether every member of super class must participate as a member of
subclass or not.
 Types of participation (Completeness) Constraint
 Total (Mandatory) participation
 Partial (Optional) participation

Unit 2 – Data Models 46

Total (Mandatory) Participation
 Total participation specifies that every entity in the superclass must be a member of some
subclass in the specialization.
 Specified by a double line in E-R diagram.
Employee
Cricketer (Super class)
(Super class)

Batsman Bowler ISA

(Sub class) (Sub class)

Professor Head
(Sub class) (Sub class)

All the players are associated with minimum one sub class either (Batsman or
Bowler).
Unit 2 – Data Models 47
Partial (Optional) Participation
 Partial participation specifies that every entity in the super class does not belong to any of
the subclass of specialization.
 Specified by a single line in E-R diagram.
Employee
Cricketer (Super class)
(Super class)

Batsman Not associated with Bowler ISA

(Sub class) any sub class (Sub class)

Professor Head
(Sub class) (Sub class)

Unit 2 – Data Models 48

Aggregation in E-R diagram
Section - 9
Limitation of E-R diagram
 In E-R model we cannot express relationships between two relationships.

Relation 1 Relation Relation 2

Entity 1 Relation Entity 2

Unit 2 – Data Models 50

Limitation of E-R diagram

Customer
Company

Employee Works Department

Customer
Can not connect two relationship

Borrow Borrow

Loan Loan

Process of creating an entity by combining various components

of E-R diagram is called aggregation.

Unit 2 – Data Models 51

E-R diagram of
Hospital Management System
Section - 10
E-R diagram of Hospital Management System

MRID
PatID Name HosID Name

Medical Record Has Patient Admitted Hospital

Report Name ISA Trea Has

t s

Indoor Outdoor
Doctor
RoomNo
IPDID OPDID DrID Dr Name
Charge

Unit 2 – Data Models 53

Reduce the E-R diagram
to Database Schema
Section - 11
Reduce the E-R diagram to database schema

Step 1: Reduce Entities and Simple Attributes:

PersonI
 An entity of an ER diagram is turned into a table. Name
D
 Each attribute (except multi-valued attribute) turns
into a column (attribute) in the table. Person
 Table name can be same as entity name.
 Key attribute of the entity is the primary key of the Address City

table which is usually underlined. PhoneNo

 It is highly recommended that every table should start
with its primary key attribute conventionally named
as TablenameID. Person (PersonID, Name, Address, City)

Unit 2 – Data Models 55

Reduce the E-R diagram to database schema

Step 2: Reduce Multi-valued Attributes: PersonI

D
PhoneNo

 Multi-value attribute is turned into a new table.

Person
 Add the primary key column into multi-value
attribute’s table. PhoneNo (PhoneID, PersonID,
PhoneNo)
 Add the primary key column of the parent entity’s
table as a foreign key within the new (multi-value Foreign Person (T1)
attribute’s) table. Key
 Then make a 1:N relationship between the Person
table and PhoneNo table. Having

PhoneNo (T2)

Unit 2 – Data Models 56

Entity set with composite attribute
 Each entity set is represented with one relation
 The simple attributes of relation includes attributes of the entity set
 Instead of one composite attributes, an attribute for each of its component is created in the
relation
 Key attribute of entity becomes primary key of relation

Unit 2 – Data Models 57

 Middle
Name
First Name Last
Name

RollNo Name

Student SPI

 Student(RollNo, First Name, Middle Name, Last Name, SPI)

Unit 2 – Data Models 58

Reduce the E-R diagram to database schema
WifeID WName
Step 3: Reduce 1:1 Mapping Cardinality:
 Convert both entities in to table with proper Wife
attribute.
 Place the primary key of any one table in to the Having
another table as a foreign key.
 Place the primary key of the Wife table WifeID in the Person

table Persons as Foreign key.

PersonI
PName
OR D
 Place the primary key of the Person table PersonID in Person (PersonID, PName)
the table Wife as Foreign key. Wife (WifeID, Wname, PersonID)

Wife (WifeID, Wname)

Person (PersonID, Pname, WifeID)

Unit 2 – Data Models 59

Reduce the E-R diagram to database schema
HouseID HName
Step 4: Reduce 1:N Mapping Cardinality:
 Convert both entities in to table with proper House
attribute.
 Place the primary key of table having 1 mapping in Having
to the another table having many cardinality as a
Foreign key. Person
 Place the primary key of the Person table PersonID in
PersonI
the table House as Foreign key. D
PName

Person (PersonID, PName)

House (HouseID, Hname, PersonID)

Unit 2 – Data Models 60

Reduce the E-R diagram to database schema
ActNo Balance
Step 5: Reduce N:N Mapping Cardinality:
 Convert both entities in to table with proper attribute. Account

 Create a separate table for relationship. Has_Acc

 Place the primary key of both entities table into the t
relationship’s table as foreign key.
Customer
 Place the primary key of the Customer table CID and
Account table Ano in the table Has_Acct as Foreign
CID CName
key.
Customer (CID, CName)
Account (ActNo, Balance)
Has_Acct (HasAcctID, CID, ActNo)

Unit 2 – Data Models 61

Weak entity set
 Create separate table for weak entity set
 Primary key of new table is combination of primary key of strong entity set and discriminator
of weak entity set
 Primary key of strong entity set becomes foreign key of weak entity set

Unit 2 – Data Models 62

 Payment-date

loan-no amount payment-no Payment-amount

loan L_P payment

 Two tables will be created

 Loan(loan-no, amount)
 payment(loan-no,payment-no, Payment-date, Payment-amount)
 Loan-no is foreign key to loan table

Unit 2 – Data Models 63

Reducing inheritance into relation schema
 If partial participation of inheritance
 Create tables for super class and subclass both
 Add primary key of superclass in tables of subclasses, make them primary key there and foreign key to
superclass
 Else
 Create tables only for subclasses, add all attributes of superclass in tables of subclass

Unit 2 – Data Models 64

Summery of Symbols used in E-R diagram

Customer Name Hold

Entity Attribute Relationshi
p
EmpID Age PhoneNo
Primary Derived Multi
Key Attribute Valued
Attribute Attribute
Payment PymtID Issue

Weak Discriminating Weak Entity

Entity Attribute Relationshi
Role p
Name
E R E R ISA

Total Role Specialization/

Participation Indicator Generalization

Unit 2 – Data Models 65

Summery of Symbols used in E-R diagram

Disjoint
E R E ISA ISA
One to One Total Disjoint
Specialization/ Specialization/
E R E Generalization Generalization
One to Many

E R E Overlapping

Many to One ISA ISA

Partial Overlapping
E R E
Specialization/ Specialization/
Many to Many Generalization Generalization

Unit 2 – Data Models 66

Integrity Constraints
Section - 13
Integrity Constraints
 Integrity constraints are a set of rules. It is used to maintain the quality of information.
 Integrity constraints ensure that the data insertion, updating, and other processes have to be
performed in such a way that data integrity is not affected.
 Thus, integrity constraint is used to guard against accidental damage to the database.
 Various Integrity Constraints are:
 Check
 Not null
 Unique
 Primary key
 Foreign key

Unit 2 – Data Models 68

Integrity Constraints
 Check
 This constraint defines a business rule on a column. All the rows in that column must satisfy this rule.
 Limits the data values of variables to a specific set, range, or list of values.
 The constraint can be applied for a single column or a group of columns.
 E.g. value of SPI should be between 0 to 10.
 Not null
 This constraint ensures all rows in the table contain a definite value for the column which is specified as
not null. Which means a null value is not allowed.
 E.g. name column should have some value.
 Unique
 This constraint ensures that a column or a group of columns in each row have a distinct (unique) value.
 A column(s) can have a null value but the values cannot be duplicated.
 E.g. enrollmentno column should have unique value.

Unit 2 – Data Models 69

Integrity Constraints
 Primary key
 This constraint defines a column or combination of columns which uniquely identifies each row in the
table.
 Primary key = Unique key + Not null
 E.g. enrollmentno column should have unique value as well as can’t be null.
 Foreign key (referential integrity constraint)
 A referential integrity constraint (foreign key) is specified between two tables.
 In the referential integrity constraints, if a foreign key column in table 1 refers to the primary key column
of table 2, then every value of the foreign key column in table 1 must be null or be available in primary
key column of table 2.
Foreign Key

DeptI Dept_Nam RollN Student_Nam DeptI

HOD
D e o e D
1 Computer Pandya 101 Raj Patel 1
2 ICT Modi 102 Meet Shah 2

Unit 2 – Data Models 70

Question Bank
1. Write down definition of following terms and also represent its symbol in E-R diagram
1. Entity
2. Attribute
3. Relationship
4. Descriptive relationship
2. Describe different types of attributes.
3. Write a note on mapping cardinality in E-R diagram.
4. Explain the difference between a weak and a strong entity set.
5. Explain the difference between generalization and specialization. OR Explain specialization
and generalization concept in E-R diagram with suitable example.
6. Write a note on constraints on specialization and generalization.
7. Explain aggregation in E-R diagram with example.
8. What do you mean by integrity constraints? Discuss various integrity constraints.

Unit 2 – Data Models 71

Question Bank [E-R diagrams]
7. Draw E-R diagram for Bank Management System.
8. Define E-R diagram. Draw an E-R diagram for Library Management System. Assume
relevant entities and attributes for the given system.
9. Construct an E-R diagram for a car-insurance company whose customers own one or more
cars each. Each car has associated with it zero to any number of recorded accidents.
10. Design a generalization–specialization hierarchy for a motor-vehicle sales company. The
company sells motorcycles, passenger cars, vans, and buses. Justify your placement of
attributes at each level of the hierarchy. Explain why they should not be placed at a higher
or lower level.

Unit 2 – Data Models 72

Question Bank [E-R diagrams and Database]
11. Design a database for an airline. The database must keep track of customers and their
reservations, flights and their status, seat assignments on individual flights, and the schedule
and routing of future flights. Your design should include an E-R diagram, a set of relational
schemas, and a list of constraints, including primary-key and foreign-key constraints.
12. Design a database for a hospital with a set of patients and a set of medical doctors.
Associate with each patient a log of the various tests and examinations conducted. Your
design should include an E-R diagram, a set of relational schemas, and a list of constraints,
including primary-key and foreign-key constraints.

Unit 2 – Data Models 73

Thank
You