For your better understanding of the lesson, here is the list of

words and their meanings Read and understand them carefully

Peripheral Devices also known as computer peripheral, input-output device, or input/output

device, any of various devices used to enter information and instructions into a computer for
storage or processing and to deliver the processed data.

Input/ Output Devices An input device sends information to a computer system for
processing, and an output device reproduces or displays the results of that processing.
Operating Systems a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and provide
common services for application software.

MAC The computer operating system for Apple Computer's Macintosh line of personal
computers and workstations

Linux A Unix-like, open source and community-developed operating system for computers,
servers, mainframes
Windows A series of operating systems developed by Microsoft
GUI Stands for "Graphical User Interface" and is pronounced "gooey." It is a user interface that
includes graphical elements, such as windows, icons and buttons.
Solid State Drive (SSD) A solid-state drive (SSD) is a new generation of storage device used in
computers. SSDs replace traditional mechanical hard disks by using flash-based memory, which
is significantly faster
Storage Device The storage device usually enables a user to store large amounts of data in a
relatively small physical space, and makes sharing that information with others easy.

Volatile It comes from the Latin "volatilis" meaning "to fly". In computers, volatile is used to
describe memory content that is lost when the power is interrupted or switched off.

Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function.

Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a computer, i.e. the components
that can be seen and touched such as the system unit, mouse and others
Types of Computer Types of Computers based
on data handling capabilities:

1. Analogue Computer- Analogue computers are designed to process

analogue data. Analogue data is continuous data that changes
continuously and cannot have discrete values. We can say that analogue
computers are used where we don't need exact values always such as
speed, temperature, pressure and current. Speedometer and mercury
thermometer are examples of analogue computers.

2. Digital computer - designed to perform calculations and logical

operations at high speed. It accepts the raw data as input in the form of
digits or binary numbers (0 and 1) and processes it with programs
stored in its memory to produce the output
 3. Hybrid Computer - features of both analogue and digital
computer. It is fast like an analogue computer and has memory and
accuracy like digital computers. It can process both continuous and
discrete data. It accepts analogue signals and convert them into digital
form before processing. So, it is widely used in specialized
applications where both analogue and digital data is processed.

Types of Computer Types of Computers based

Types of Computer based on its Size

Supercomputer - the biggest and fastest computers. They are designed

to process huge amount of data. A supercomputer can process trillions
of instructions in a second. It has thousands of interconnected
processors. Supercomputers are particularly used in scientific and
engineering applications such as weather forecasting, scientific
simulations and nuclear energy research. The first supercomputer was
developed by Roger Cray in 1976.
2. Mainframe computer - designed to support hundreds or thousands
of users simultaneously. They can support multiple programs at the
same time. It means they can execute different processes
simultaneously. These features of mainframe computers make them
ideal for big organizations like banking and telecom sectors, which need
to manage and process high volume of data.

3. Miniframe or Minicomputer – a midsize multiprocessing computer.

It consists of two or more processors and can support 4 to 200 users at
one time. Miniframe computers are used in institutes and departments
for tasks such as billing, accounting and inventory management. A
minicomputer lies between the mainframe and microcomputer as it is
smaller than mainframe but larger than a

4. Workstation - refers to an individual computer, or group of

computers, used by a single user to perform work. It has a faster
microprocessor, a large amount of RAM and high speed graphic
adapters. It generally performs a specific job with great expertise and is
also intended for serious academic or professional computation.
 INTERNAL PARTS OF COMPUTER

Motherboard or Mobo is a printed circuit board and foundation of a

computer that is the biggest board in a computer chassis. It allocates
power and allows communication to and between the CPU, RAM, and
all other computer hardware components.is the main printed circuit
board in a computer

Power Supply powers all other components of the machine. It usually

plugs into the motherboard to power the other parts. The power supply
connects to either an internal battery (on a laptop) or a plug for an outlet
(on a desktop).

Central Processing Unit (CPU) referred to as a computer's brain. It.

performs most of the processing inside a computer. It processes all
instructions received by software running on the PC and by other
hardware components, and acts as a powerful calculator
Random Access Memory is a temporary form of memory. When you
open an application in our computer, the computer will place that
application and all its data in the RAM

Hard Disk Drive. Since RAM is temporary, your computer needs a

place to store data permanently. That's where the hard drive comes in.
The traditional hard drive consists of several spinning platters with an
arm that physically writes data to the disk. However, these drives are
slow and are starting to be replaced by the faster solid-state drives

Solid State Drive is consist of flash memory, like your smartphone or

flash drive. They are much faster than traditional hard disk drives,
though cost more for the increased efficiency. Both types of drives
come in various sizes to suit different needs.
Video Card also called a display card, graphics card, display adapter, or
graphics adapter. It is used to enhance the quality of images showed on a
display. It is attached to

Optical Drives. Though less common than they used to be, many
machines still have an optical drive for reading CDs and DVDs. These
can be used to listen to music or watch movies, place information onto a
blank disc , or install software from a disc.
 Storage Devices
A hard disk drive (also known as a hard drive, HD, or HDD) stores
files for the operating system and software programs, as well as user
documents, such as photographs, text files, videos, and audio. The hard
drive uses magnetic storage to record and retrieve digital information to
and from one or more fast-spinning disks.

Floppy Disk Also know as a diskette, floppy, or FD, the floppy disk
uses magnetic storage technology to store information. Floppy disks
were once a common storage device for computers and lasted from the
mid-1970's through to the start of the 21st century. The earliest floppies
were 8-inch (203 mm) in size, but these were replaced by 5 1⁄4-inch (13
3 mm) disk drives, and finally a 3 1⁄2 inch (90 mm) version

The compact disc, known for short as a CD, is a form of optical

storage, a technology which employs lasers and lights to read and
write data. Initially com pact discs were used purely for music, but in
the late 1980's they began to be also used for computer data storage.
The DVD (digital versatile disc) and Blu-ray disc (BD) are formats of
digital optical disc data storage which have superseded compa ct discs,
mainly because of their much greater storage capacity. A Blu-ray disc,
for example, can store 25 GB (gigabytes) of data on a single-layer disc
and 50 GB on a dual-layer disc. In comparison, a standard CD is the
same physical size, but only holds 700 MB (megabytes) of digital data

USB Flash Drive Also known as a thumb drive, pen drive, flash-drive,
memory stick, jump drive, and USB stick, the USB flash drive is a flash
memory data storage device that incorporates an integrated USB
interface. Flash memory is generally more efficient and reliable than
optical media, being smaller, faster, and possessing much greater storage
capacity, as well as being more durable due to a lack of moving parts.

Secure Digital Card (SD Card) A common type of memory card, SD

cards are used in multiple electronic devices, including digital cameras
and mobile phones. Although there are different sizes, classes, and
capacities available, they all use a rectangular design with one side
"chipped off" to prevent the card from being inserted into the camera or
other device the wrong way.
What is an Operating system? An operating system or OS
is a software installed on a computer's hard drive that
enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate
with the computer software. Without a computer operating
system, a computer and software programs would be useless.

Character User Interface or Command-Line User

Interface, CUI When computers were first introduced, the
users interacted with them using a command line interface.
Short for character user interface or command-line user
interface, CUI is a way for users to interact with computer
programs. It works by allowing the user (client) to issue
commands as one or more lines of text to a program. Good
examples of CUIs are MS-DOS and the Windows
Command Prompt.
 Functions of an Operating System

Memory Management - Keeps track of the primary memory, i.e. what part of it is in use by
whom, what part is not in use, etc. and allocates the memory when a process or program requests
it.
Processor Management − Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process and deallocates the
processor when it is no longer required.
Device Management − Keeps track of all the devices. This is also called I/O controller that
decides which process gets the device, when, and for how much time
4. File Management − It manages all the file-related activities such as organization storage,
retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.
Security − Prevents unauthorized access to programs and data by means of passwords and
other similar techniques.
Job Accounting − Keeping track of time & resource used by various job and users.

Control Over System Performance − Records delays between the request for a service and
from the system.
Interaction with the Operators − Interaction may take place via the console of the computer in
the form of instructions. The Operating System acknowledges the same, does the corresponding
action, and informs the operation by a display screen.
Error-detecting Aids − Production of dumps, traces, error messages, and other debugging and
error-detecting methods
Coordination Between Other Software and Users − Coordination and assignment of
compilers, interpreters, assemblers, and other software to the various users of the computer
systems.
Networking - A distributed system is a group of processors which do not share memory,
hardware devices, or a clock. The processors communicate with one another through the
network.
Common Computer Operating Systems
1. MICROSOFT WINDOWS, also called Windows and Windows OS, computer operating
system was developed by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computers. Microsoft was
founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975. Windows comes pre-loaded on most new
PCs, which helps to make it the most popular operating system in the world.

Evolution of Operating Systems:

DOS or Disk Operating System was the first operating
system used by IBM-compatible computers. It was originally
available in two versions that were essentially the same, but
marketed under two different names. PC-DOS was the version
developed by IBM and sold to the first IBMcompatible
manufacturers throughout 1980s. MS-DOS was the version
that Microsoft bought the rights to, and was bundled with the
first versions of Windows.
 Windows 1.0 was introduced in November 20, 1985. It was
initially sold for $100. The use of Windows 1.0 as a GUI meant
that MS-DOS users didn’t have to manually enter text commands
just to complete basic tasks. Now, they could carry out tasks and
browse their own files by just pointing and clicking on icons and
menus.

In 1992, Windows 3.1 delivered quite a few new and essential

features, such as support for TrueType fonts, the ability to drag
and drop icons,

Windows 95 came out in 1995. It was the first 32-bit version of

Windows (previous versions had been 16- bit) new features
include the taskbar, the Start menu, long file names, and plug-
and-play capabilities in which peripheral devices only needed to
be connected to a PC in order to work properly. Windows 95 also
saw the introduction of Microsoft’s web browser, Internet
Explorer.
Windows 98 came out in 1998. It offers support for a number
of new technologies. It’s most visible feature is the web
browser’s and other internet-based programs and tools, such
as Outlook Express, Microsoft Chat.

Windows 2000 had a real focus on accessibility and

introduced several features to the OS, including Sticky Keys,
a high-contrast theme, Microsoft Magnifier, an on-screen
keyboard, and a screen reader known as Microsoft Narrator.
It allows users to choose the language in which their display
would be viewed. The users could choose from a variety of
languages, including Arabic,
Windows ME stands for ―Millennium Edition. Some of its
useful tool includes System Restore, a recovery feature that, in
the event your computer starts having problems due to a poorly
executed installation of a program or update, updates can be
remove and restore your computer back to how it was before .

Windows XP was released in 2001 and is widely considered to

be great among the versions of Windows that Microsoft had to
offer. There were two main versions of the OS. Home was for
personal use, and Professional was geared toward being used in
work settings. Some features include plug and play and
utilization of the 802.11x wireless security standard networks
for connecting wireless LANS.

Vista was released in 2007. It introduced some helpful

features, though, like Windows Defender, DirectX 10 (for PC
gaming), speech recognition, and Windows DVD Maker.
Windows 7 was launched on 2009. Enhancements and new
features include multi-touch support, Internet Explorer 8,
improved performance and start-up time, Aero Snap, Aero
Shake, support for virtual hard disks, a new and improved
Windows Media Center, and improved security

Windows 8 was released on 2012 and is a completely

redesigned operating system. User interface primarily
consists of a Start screen made up of Live Tiles, which links
to applications and features that are dynamic and updated in
real time, the ability to log in with a Microsoft account,
support for USB 3.0 and an actual lock screen.

Windows 10 came out in 2015. Some features of Windows

10 included the introduction of Cortana, a native digital
personal assistant; the ability to switch between tablet and
desktop mode; and a new web browser called Microsoft Edge
For your better understanding of the lesson, here is the list of words and their meanings
Read and understand them carefully
Computer Peripheral

A computer peripheral is any external device that provides input and output for the computer.
Keyboard, Scanner, Webcam are some of the examples.
Computer disassemble The process of breaking down a device into separate parts. A device
may be disassembled to help determine a problem, to replace a part, or take the parts and use
them in another device or sell them individually.
Static Electricity The buildup of an electric charge in a given location. Some materials, such as
glass, hair and some fabrics, give up electrons easily.
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) – The term used to describe the transfer of static electricity
from one object to another.
Motherboard standoffs Threaded brass standoffs (Jack Screw Standoffs) is used for attaching
the motherboard to the case chassis.
I/O plate A thin removable metal plate that protects the back of a computer and gives access to
Input/output devices like USB.
Notches An indentation or incision on an edge or surface. RAM sticks has notches also.
Thermal Paste A sticky paste placed directly onto the CPU or another IC for a more direct heat
transfer between the chip and the heat sink.
Phillips screwdriver A screwdriver has a head with pointed edges in the shape of a cross,
which fit neatly into the cross slots of a Phillips screw.
Flat head screwdriver A screwdriver with a wedge-shaped flat tip, used to tighten or loosen
screws that have a straight, linear notch in their heads.
Anti-Static Wrist Strap A piece of safety gear that helps to prevent the buildup of static
electricity near sensitive electronics or other projects where static charge could damage
electronics or cause safety issues.
SATA Stands for "Serial Advanced Technology Attachment," or "Serial ATA." It is an interface
used to connect ATA hard drives to a computer's motherboard.
CPU Cooler The device that keeps your CPU running at optimal temperatures
 Computer assembly procedure is a vital skill in Computer System Servicing. Let’s explore and
learn the basic tools needed in the assembly, the parts of computers involved, the Do’s and
don’t’s and the procedures in assembling a Computer System. Let’s Start!

STEP 1: PREPARE YOUR WORKPLACE. 1. Take Inventory: Before you start, take inventory
of your parts. Make sure you have the following components and tools with you.
STEP 2: OPEN THE CASE 1. Open the computer case by removing the side panels. Find the
screws that hold the side panels in place and remove them using appropriate screwdriver.
STEP 3: GROUND YOURSELF Static electricity refers to the buildup of electric charge on the
surface of objects. The static from your fingers can damage sensitive computer parts such as
microprocessors and memory chips
STEP 4: MOUNT THE MOTHERBOARD 1. Screw motherboard standoffs into the case
STEP 5: MOUNT PROCESSOR (CPU)
STEP 6: INSTALL CPU COOLER
STEP 7: INSTALL POWER SUPPLY UNIT (PSU)
STEP 8: MOUNT THE RAM
STEP 9: INSTALLING GRAPHICS CARD/ VIDEO
CARD
STEP 10: MOUNT STORAGE DEVICES
STEP 11: MOUNT OPTICAL DRIVE
STEP 12: CONNECT CASE FANS & FRONT PANEL CONNECTORS
STEP 13: CONNECT PERIPHERALS
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN WORKING
1. Always ground or discharge yourself before touching any part of the computer.
2. Do not work alone so that there is someone who can take care of you in case of accident or
emergency.
3. Be careful with the tools that may cause short circuit.
4. Always full the cable connector on the handle and not hold on the cable itself.
5. Use only rubber shoes when standing on the ground or in a concrete floor.
6. Make sure that the pins are properly aligned when connecting a cable connector.
7. Always power off and unplug the computer before working on it.
8. Take away any liquid such as mineral water or soft drinks near your working area or near
computers.
9. Contingency measures during workplace accidents, fire, and other emergencies are
recognized.
10. Personal protective equipment is correctly used in accordance with organization procedures
and practice.
11. Hazard/risks in the workplace and their corresponding indicators are identified to minimize or
eliminate risk to co‐ workers, workplace, and environment.
12. Take necessary precautions to protect the component of the computer from damaged caused
by Electrostatic Discharge (ESD).
13. Hold the components by edges and do not touch the IC’s.
14. Read and follow instructions on the manual carefully.
15. Do not use excessive force if things do not quite slip into place