Data Communication &

Computer Networks
Course Instructor:
Mr. Fakhar Ul Islam
Road Map
1Network Classification
Based on area
Based on component role
Based on connectivity
Based on transmission medium
2 Internet of Things
LPWAN
NETWORK CLASSIFICATION OF
AREA BY THEIR GEOGRAPHY
LOCAL AREA
NETWORK(LAN)
 LAN is a network which is designed to operate over a
small physical area such as an office, factory or a
group of buildings.
 LAN’s are easy to design and troubleshoot
 Exchange of information and sharing of resources
becomes easy because of LAN.
 In LAN all machines are connected to a single cable.
 Different types of topologies such as star, tree, bus,
ring, etc Can be used
 It is usually a privately owned network.
WIDE AREA
NETWORK(WAN)
 When network spans over a large distance or when the
computers to be connected to each other are at widely
separated locations a local area network cannot be
used. A wide area network(WAN) is installed.
 The communication between different users of WAN
is established using leased telephone lines, satellite
links and similar channels.
 It is cheaper and more efficient to use the phone
network for the link.
 Most WAN networks are used to transfer large blocks
of data between its users.
PERSONAL AREA
NETWORK(PAN)
 A personal area network is a computer network
organized around an individual person.
 It generally consists of a mobile computer, a cell
phone or personal digital assistant. PAN enables the
communication among these devices.
 The PANs can be constructed using wireless or
cables.
CAMPUS AREA
NETWORK(CAN)
 The campus area network is made up of an
interconnection of LAN with limited
geographical area.
 Network equipment's such as switches, routers
and the transmission media i.e. optical fibre etc
are almost entirely owned by the campus owner.
METROPOLITAN AREA
NETWORK(MAN)
 It is in between LAN & WAN technology that
covers the entire city.
 It uses similar technology as LAN.
 It can be a single network such as cable TV
network
 WAN
LA
N

PAN

CAN
MAN
 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN
LAN,WAN,MAN
PARAMETERS LAN WAN MAN
Ownership of
Private Private or public Private or public
network

Geographical
Small Very large Moderate
area covered

Design and
Easy Not easy Not easy
maintenance
Coaxial cables,
Communication PSTN or satellite PSTN, optical
Coaxial cable
medium links fibre, cables,
wireless

Bandwidth Low High moderate

Data
High Low moderate
rates(speed)
NETWORK CLASSIFICATION BY THEIR COMPONENT ROLE

LOCAL AREA
NETWORK

PEER TO PEER CLIENT SERVER

NETWORK NETWORK
PEER TO PEER
NETWORK
 In peer to peer network each computer is responsible for making its
own resources available to other computers on the network.
 Each computer is responsible for setting up and maintaining

its own security for these resources.

 Also each computer is responsible for accessing the required
network resources from peer to peer relationships.
 Peer to peer network is useful for a small network containing
less than 10 computers on a single LAN .
 Peer to peer networks do not have a central control system.

There are no servers in peer networks.

 Peer networks are amplified into home group.
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES OF PEER TO
PEER NETWORK
Advantages: Disadvantages:
Use less expensive Not very secure
computer hardware No central point of
Easy to administer storage or file archiving
Easy setup & low cost Additional load on
computer because of
resource sharing
CLIENT/SERVER
NETWORK
 In client-server network relationships, certain computers act as
server and other act as clients. A server is simply a computer,
that available the network resources and provides service to
other computers when they request it. A client is the computer
running a program that requests the service from a server.
 Local area network(LAN) is based on client server network
relationship.
 A client-server network is one n which all available network
resources such as files, directories, applications and shared
devices, are centrally managed and hosted and then are
accessed by client.
 Client serve network are defined by the presence of servers on
a network that provide security and administration of the
network.
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF
CLIENT-SERVER NETWORK
 Disadvantages:
Advantages:  requires professional
Very secure administration
Better performance  More hardware-
Centralized backup
intensive
 More software
very reliable
intensive
 Expensive dedicated
software
TYPES OF
SERVERS
TYPES OF
SERVERS
 File server: These servers provide the services for storing,
retrieving and moving the data. A user can read, write, exchange
and manage the files with the help of file servers.
 Printer server: The printer server is used for controlling and
managing printing on the network. It also offers the fax service to
the network users.
 Application server: The expensive software and additional
computing power can be shared by the computers in a network
with he help of application servers.
 Message server: It is used to co-ordinate the interaction between
users, documents and applications. The data can be used in the for
of audio, video, binary, text or graphics.
 Database server: It is a type of application server. It allows

the uses to access the centralised strong database.

 Network Classification based on
TOPOLOY(Connectivity)
• How so many computers are connected together?
Bus Topology Ring Topology

Star Topology

Hub
TOPOLOY
• Bus Topology
Simple and low-cost
A single cable called a trunk (backbone, segment)
Only one computer can send messages at a time
Computer only listen for, not regenerate data

• Star Topology
Each computer has a cable connected to a single point
More cabling, hence higher cost
All signals transmission through the hub; if down, entire network
down
Depending on the intelligence of hub, two or more computers may
send message at the same time
TOPOLOY

• Ring Topology
• Every computer serves as a repeater to boost signals
• Typical way to send data:
• Token passing
• only the computer who gets the token can send data

• Disadvantages
• Difficult to add computers
• More expensive
• If one computer fails, whole network fails
Network Classification based on
TRANMISSION MEDIA
 Two main categories:
 Guided ― wires, cables
 Unguided ― wireless transmission, e.g. radio,
microwave, infrared, sound, sonar
 We will concentrate on guided media
here:
 Twisted-Pair cables:
 Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables
 Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables
 Coaxial cables
 Fiber-optic cables
Some factors need to be
considered for designing the
transmission media:
 Bandwidth: All the factors are remaining constant, the greater
the bandwidth of a medium, the higher the data transmission
rate of a signal.
 Transmission impairment: When the received signal is not
identical to the transmitted one due to the transmission
impairment. The quality of the signals will get destroyed due
to transmission impairment.
 Interference: An interference is defined as the process of
disrupting a signal when it travels over a communication
medium on the addition of some unwanted signal.
Causes Of Transmission
Impairment:
 Attenuation: Attenuation means the loss of energy, i.e., the
strength of the signal decreases with increasing the distance
which causes the loss of energy.
 Distortion: Distortion occurs when there is a change in the
shape of the signal. This type of distortion is examined from
different signals having different frequencies. Each frequency
component has its own propagation speed, so they reach at a
different time which leads to the delay distortion.
 Noise: When data is travelled over a transmission medium,
some unwanted signal is added to it which creates the noise.
Classification Of Transmission
Media:
Internet of Things (IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of
physical objects—devices, buildings
and vehicles,
other items
with electronics, software, embedded
and connectivity that enablessensors
network to collect
objects these and exchange
data.
Allows objects to be and controlled
remotely sensed acrossexisting network
infrastructure
LPWAN – Low Power Wide Area Network

Different wireless technologies cover different applications with regard to range and bandwidth.
Long-range applications with low bandwidth requirements that are typical for IoT and M2M
scenarios are not well supported by these existing technologies.

LPWAN technologies are targeted at these emerging applications and markets.

802.11ac
High BW 802.11ad 5G
802.11n
4G
802.11a
802.11b 3G
802.11g
Medium BW 2G VSAT

BlueTooth ZigBee /
BLE 802.15.4
WBAN
Low BW 802.15.6 WPAN LPWAN
RFID / 802.15.
NFC 3 Key:
BW: Bandwitch
IoT: Internet of
Things M2M: Machine to
Short Range Medium Range Long Range Machine
Q/A