Cloning: By: Lirio, Riza C

CLONING
By: Lirio, Riza C.
What is Cloning?
Clone Greek word which means twig Arose from the practice of cutting a plant stuck in the soil in which the twig portion is able to grow into a new plant of the same genetic composition *In non sexual reproduction, it is known as IDENTICAL DUPLICATE.
What is Cloning?
-A technological process whereby an identical duplicate of an organism is produced by REPLACING THE NUCLEUS OF THE UNFERTILIZED OVUM(oocyte) with the NUCLEUS OF A BODY OF THE ORGANISM.
What is Cloning?
This type of reproductive technology represents the MOST INTENSE INTERVENTION of all. Not only does it remove insemination and fertilization from the marriage relationship but is also removes one of the partners from the whole process.
Eugenic Justifications
1. Removal of deleterious genetic material from the genetic poll 2. Programming of the genotype in order to maximize certain desirable traits like intelligence, artistic abilities, etc.
1938 - Hans Spermann, a German biologist and Nobel Prize winner proposed the experiment of removing the nucleus from an ovum and replacing it with the nucleus of a body cell to see whether the egg would develop into a normal offspring that would be the exact copy or clone of the individual from w/c the nucleus was taken.
1952 Heeding H. Spermanns proposal, Dr. Robert Briggs and Thomas L. King experimented with frogs
Nucleus Transplantation
* They removed the nuclei of freshly fertilized eggs and replaced them with the nuclei from the embryonic tissue of one individual of the same species. The eggs developed into a group of genetically identical tadpoles, carbon copies of the donor of the cell nuclei.
Biologists claim that..

-Cloning human being is possible, even as they admit that there are technical difficulties. -Human cloning involves the implantation of the embryo in the uterus of a woman at the right stage of the menstrual cycle.
1978 David Rorvik claimed that a group of scientists had produced the clone of a certain bachelor millionaire.
The cloned embryo was implanted into a young native woman who carried it to term and gave birth to a healthy boy, the identical duplicate of the millionaire. The boy allegedly grew up normally, even as the scientific world received the news with great skepticism.
Biomedical scientist have no reliable proof of the alleged occurrence of the human cloning. Some even went so far as to call it a hoax.
Justifications of Human Cloning

1. It is a great way to perpetuate genius. 2. It can improve the human race. 3. It can prevent genetic disease in a selected posterity 4. It can provide a genotype of ones spouse, living or dead, of a deceased patient or of some other departed loved one.
Justifications of Human Cloning

5. It can provide a form of immortality for donors 6. It can determine the sex of the future children 7. It can increase scientific knowledge about human reproduction 8. It can provide or reproduce soldiers and servant classes of people 9. It can exchange body parts and can enhance social communion
Applications of Ethical Theories
Natural Law Ethicians

- Go with Pope John Paul IIs pronouncement that a strictly therapeutic intervention whose explicit objective is the healing of various maladies such as those stemming from chromosomal defects will, in principle, be considered desirable, provided it is directed to the true promotion of the personal well-being of the individual without doing harm to his integrity or worsening his condition of life. Such as intervention would indeed fall within the logic of Christian moral tradition.

Prenatal diagnosis, however, is gravely opposed to moral law when it is done with the purpose of ABORTING THE FETUS if it is found to be deformed; this matter is to be condemned as a violation of the UNBORN CHILDS RIGHT TO LIFE.

No medically scientific end, however noble it may be, can in any way justify experimentation on living human embryos or fetuses, whether viable or not, either inside or outside the mothers womb (unless such experimentation is directly therapeutic). To use human embryos or fetuses as the object of experimentation constitutes a crime against their dignity as human beings having a right.

Cloning, freezing of embryos, post mortem insemination, sperm banking constitute an offense against the respect due to humans by manipulating them. Chromosomal manipulations or interventions are also contrary to the personal dignity , integrity and identity. Surrogacy is likewise contrary to the unity of marriage and to the dignity of procreation.
Situationists Joseph Fletcher

Gives stress to the advantages and favorable consequences of genetic engineering. Medical interventions & Manipulative Reproduction heighten the intelligence quotient of the race and provide solutions to some particularly difficult and intractable human problems.
Situationists Joseph Fletcher

Man maker, selector and designer, and the more rationally contrived and deliberate anything is, the more human it is. Laboratory Reproduction radically human compared to conception by ordinary heterosexual intercourse. It is willed, chosen, purposed and controlled, and surely these are among the traits that distinguish homo sapiens from other genus.
Utilitarian Principle
Would genetic engineering produce the most benefits, comfort, and happiness at the least of pain or unhappiness?
Would there be a greater balance of happiness and progress over unhappiness and unprogress for all individuals affected?
Utilitarian Principle
- Inclined to give an affirmative response to questions. Genetic intervention is good insofar it tends to promote happiness and scientific progress; and much more so because it produces the greatest benefits for the whole human race.
Utilitarian Moralists claim that..

The accumulation of scientific knowledge that biomedical specialists would be able to gain from genetic engineering &/or reproductive technologies will be beneficial, useful, advantageous, and profitable which would pave the way for medical drugs for fetal disorders and childrens diseases.
Example: An individual is a carrier of a genetically-linked disease. He now has the responsibility to prevent the birth a child afflicted with the same disability. When, upon discovery will still not take steps to prevent conception, one is not only remiss of ones moral duty but in all indications, such an act of omission seems to be unhuman and unchristian, for in that case he failed to perform moral concern for the wellbeing of another.
-Moral duty to avoid harm and seek the good for ones offspring.
Kantian Principle

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CLONING

By: Lirio, Riza C.

Biologists claim that..

Justifications of Human Cloning

Justifications of Human Cloning

Applications of Ethical Theories

Natural Law Ethicians

Natural Law Ethicians

Natural Law Ethicians

Natural Law Ethicians

Situationists Joseph Fletcher

Situationists Joseph Fletcher

Utilitarian Moralists claim that..

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