SECOND ORDER NETWORKS

INTRODUCTION

 Consider the RLC circuit shown in Fig. 1

R L
+
+
-
v 1 Z1 Z2 C v2
-
Fig. 1

V2 = IXC = I/jωC;
ω → 0, V2 → V1 (C behaves as an OC);
ω → ∞, V2 → 0 (C behaves as a SC);
LP filter characteristic
1
 1
V2 Z2 sC
T ( s)  
V1 Z1  Z 2 
R  sL  1
sC
1
 LC ……………...…….. (1)
1 s R s 2
LC L
If the circuit is lossless (R = 0),
1
T (s)  LC
1  s2
LC 2
The poles are located at

s1 , s2   j 1   j 0 ……………...….. (2)
LC
The quality factor of a lossy coil is given by
0 L 1 L
R 0 ……………….. (3)
Q =  
R R C L Q

Substitute (2) and (3) in (1) to give

2
T ( s)  0
……………......….. (4)
0
s s
2
 2
Q 0
3
 Let the poles of the general TF in (4) be located on the
s-plane at s = -α ± jβ so that
0
 s    j   s    j    s  s 2
Q
  02

0
s  s(2 )    
2 2 2
 s 2
s  2
Q 0

0 0
2    ……..………..... (5)
Q 2Q
and  2   2   02
2
 0  1
     
2
 0 1  2 …………... (6)
 2Q 
0
4Q 4
 jω
x
ω0
 = cos-1(1/2Q)
β

σ
α

Fig. 2 x
 The damping factor is defined as ζ = 1/2Q
 Substituting ζ in (4) yields
 2
T ( s)  2 0
s  2 0 s   02 5
1. Linear amplifier
a) Inverting amplifier
Rf v1 = iR1 and vo =- iRf
R1
v1
i vo  R f
- 
-vo v1 R1
i
+

b) Non-inverting amplifier
Rf v2 = iR1 and vo = i(R1+Rf )
R1 i vo R1  R f Rf
-   1
i V2 +vo v2 R1 R1
v2 + 6
 2. Adder/summer

i1 + i2 + i3 = i
Rf
i1 R1 v1 v2 v3 vo
v1   
v2 i2 R2 - R1 R2 R3 R f
v3 i3 R3 i -vo
+  v1 v2 v3 
vo   R f    
 R1 R2 R3 
Rf
If R1= R2 = R3 vo 
R
 v1  v2  v3 

7
3. Subtractor Rf
Rf  Rf 
R1 vo  v1  1   v2
v1 R1  R1 
-
vo
v2 +
Rf
Since Rf>>R1; vo 
R1
 v2  v1 

4. Integrator
C v1 vo
R
i i   vo jC
R Xc
v1 - vo 1
i -vo 
v1 sRC
+
8
5. Differentiator
R
i
v1 i C
-
vc -vo
+
i dq ; q  Cvc
dt
dvc
iC
dt
dvc
vo  iR   RC
dt
  sRCvc
vo
  sRC
v1
9
 The Biquad circuit
 The TF of a 2nd order LP filter can be written in the
general form as
 H 2
T (s)  0
0
s 
2
s  2
Q 0

 If the frequency is normalized such that ω0 = 1, and

assuming inverting realization of the TF, then
H V2
T (s)  =
1 V1
s  s 1
2
Q
 1 
  HV1 =  s  s  1 V2
2

 Q  10
  
H  1 
V1 = 1   V2

s s 1
Q 

 
s s 1
Q  

V2 HV1
V2  

s s 1
Q  
s s 1
Q 
 
 1   1
 V2  HV1  .  s  .1 ………... (7)
s  1
Q   
 T2 T3

11
T1
 The TF of equation (7) can be realized using a
summing lossy integrator, an inverting integrator, and
an inverting amplifier.
Q
1/H 1
v1 1 1 1
- 1
v2 1 -
+ v2 `
-
+ v3
+ v2
T1 T2
T3
 The complete circuit is as shown in Fig. 3
12
 R2=1

R1=Q

R3=1/H C1=1 C2=1

R5=1
v1 - R4=1
- R5=1
+ -
v2` + v2
v3
+
Fig. 3

13
Frequency response of the biquad circuit
From Fig. 3
v2 v2 v3 v2
   ……………………...……... (8)
v1 v3 v2 v1
v2
 1 ……………………………... (9)
v3
v3 1
 ……………………………... (10)
v2 sR4C2
v1 v2 v2 1 R
But   where Z  R1 //  1
R3 R2 Z sC1 1  sR1C1
v1 v2 v2
 
R3 R2 R1
1  sR1C1  …………….. (11a)
14
Dividing (11a) throughout by v1 gives
1 v2 1 v2  1  sR1C1 
 
R3 v1 R2 v1  R1 
Re-arranging gives
v2  R1  1 v2 1 
    …………….. (11b)
v1 1  sR1C1  R3 v1 R2 
Substituting (9), (10), and (11) in (8)
v2 1  R1  1 v2 1 
 1   
v1 sR4C2 1  sR1C1  R3 v1 R2 

15
v2   1 R1   1 R1
 1  .    
v1   sR2 R4C2 1  sR1C1   sR3 R4C2 1  sR1C1
1
v2 R3 R4C1C2 …………. (12)
T (s)   2
v1 s  s  1
R1C1 R2 R4C1C2

Equation (12) can be written in the general form as

 H 02 ………………………….. (13)

T (s) 
0
s  s  0
2 2
Q
16
 2
1 R 1 C1 R2
where 0 
2
Q and H 
R2 R4C1C2 R2 R4C2 R3

1. R2 can be adjusted to give a specified value of ωo

2. R1 can then be adjusted to give the specified
value of Q without changing ωo
3. R3 can be adjusted to give the desired value of
gain H for the circuit without affecting ωo or Q.

17
Substituting for the component values given in
Fig. 3 in (12)
v2 H ………………………….. (14)

v1 s
s  1
2
Q
ωo= 1

Let H = -1 so that
v2 1
T ( j )  
v1 j
1  2
Q
18
Magnitude response:
1
T ( j ) 
2
 
1   
2 2
 
Q
For ω = 0, |T(j0)| = 1;
ω = ω0,= 1, |T(j1)| = Q;
ω → ∞, |T(j∞)| → 0

19
 |T|
Q 1
1  peak  1 2
2Q
0.707

0 ωpeak 1 ωhp ω
Fig. 4

The network of Fig. 3 represents a low-pass filter

20
 If Q > 1, the peak value of |T(jω)| is > 1.
 As Q → ∞, the peak occurs at ω  1
 As Q decreases, the peak frequency decreases.
 For Q = 1/ 2, the peak occurs at ω = 0
 If Q is reduced further, there is no real solution for the
peak frequency.

21
|T|
Q
1
Increasing Q

0 1 ω

Fig. 5
22
 Phase response

From the TF given by (13),

H  02
TLP ( j ) 
j 0
     Q
2
0
2

 LP ( )   tan 

 0
1
Q   2
0  
2 

0
1 Q For ω = 0, θ(0) = 0º;
  tan
02  ω = ω0, θ(ω0) = -90º;
 ω → ∞, θ(∞) → -180º
23
 θ
ω0 ω
0

-90º

-180º
Fig. 6: Low-pass filter

24
For the circuit of Fig. 3, suppose the output is v2’ so that the
circuit is as shown in Fig. 7
C2
R5
R5 R4
R2 -
-
v3 +
+
v2
R1
R3 C1
v1 -
v2`
+
25
Fig. 7
 v2 v2 v3 v2
   ……………………...……... (15)
v1 v3 v2 v1

Substituting (9), (10), and (11b) in (15) and simplifying

yields
s
v2 R3C1
 ………. (16)
v1 2

s s 1
R1C1   1
R2 R4C1C2

NB: The TF has a zero at the origin.

26
General form (16) is
Ks
T (s)  ………………………….. (17)
0
s s
2
 02
Q
Kj
T ( j ) 
0
  j
2
 02
Q
Kj0 KQ
Let T ( j0 )  H  
0 0
  j0
2
 2
0
Q 0
H 0
K ……………………………….. (18)
Q 27
 Substituting (18) in (17) for K

T (s) 
 

H 0 s
Q
0
s  s  0
2 2
Q

Let ω0 = 1,

T ( j ) 
 

H 0
Q
j

H j
Q
0 j
  j  0  
2 2 2
1
Q Q
28
 H
Q
T ( j ) 
2
 
1   
2 2
 
Q
H
• Let H = 1. Q
T ( j ) 
For ω = 0, |T(j0)| 1 1
2  2 
2

= 0;  Q 2

ω = ω0,= 1, |T(j1)| = 1; H
ω → ∞, |T(j∞)| T ( j)  Q
 0
→0 1 1
2 2 
2

 Q 2

29
 |T| H=1
1
0.707
BW

0 ω1 1 ω2 ω
Fig. 8

The circuit of Fig. 7 is a band-pass filter.

30
At half-power frequencies, 1 and 2, |Tj| = 1/2 so that

 Q
2

2 1
T ( j )  
2  
2

1   
2 2
 
Q

 
2
1 , 2  1  1 2Q  1 2Q

• ω1 x ω2 = 1  ω1ω2 = ω02

• BW = ω2 – ω1 = 1/Q  ω2 – ω1 = ω0/Q
31
 Phase response

s0 j0
Q Q
TBP ( s )   TBP ( j ) 
0 j0
s s
2
Q
 2
0      Q
2
0
2

 BP ( )  90  tan 

 0
Q
1
  2
0  2

0
1 Q For ω = 0, θ(0) = 90º;
 90  tan


 2
0 
ω = ω0, θ(ω0) = 0º;
 ω → ∞, θ(∞) → -90º
32
 θ
90º
45º
ω2 ω
0
ω1 ω0
-45º
-90º
Fig. 9: Band-pass filter

33
 The 4 op-amp biquad circuit
Case 1 R2

R1

R3 C2 R5
v1 - C1 R4
- R5
+
v 2` + - v2
v3 +

R6
R6
-
R6 v’’2
+
Fig. 10 34
 v2  v2  ………… (1)
v2    v1  v2     1  
v1  v1 
v2 v2 v3 v2
  
v1 v3 v2 v1
v2 v3 1
but  1 and 
v3 v2 sR4C2
v2 v2 v2 1 v2
 sR4C2   . …….……… (2)
v1 v1 v1 sR4C2 v1
v1 v2 v2 v2
But  
R3 R2 Z1
=
R1
1  sR1C1 
35
1 v2 1 v2  1 
    sC1  ………...…...… (3)
R3 v1 R2 v1  R1 
Substituting (2) for v2/v1 in (3) gives
1 v2 1 v2  1 
   sC
R3 v1 sR2 R4C2 v1  R1 1

v2  1 1  1
  sC 
v1  sR2 R4C2 R1 1  R3
s
v2 R3C1
 2 ………...…...… (4)
v1 s  s  1
R1C1 R2 R4C1C2
36
 Substituting (4) for v’2/v1 in (1) gives

v2


 s s

2

1
R1C1
 1
R3C1
 1 
R2 R4C1C2  …. (5)
v1 s2  s  1
R1C1 R2 R4C1C2

37
a) If R1= R3, (5) becomes

  s 2
 1 
v2  R2 R4C1C2    s  0 
2 2

 2 
v1 s  s  1 s0
R1C1 R2 R4C1C2 s 
2
 0 2
Q
 0   
2 2

T ( j ) 
j0
0 
2
Q
 2

 
2 2

T ( j ) 
0
2
 0 
 2
0  
2 2

 Q 
 38
 1 1
 
2
 0   
 Q   02 Q 2 
1  1  4

 2
0   
2 
 

 02  202   2 
   

For ω = 0, |T(j0)| = 1;
ω = ω0, |T(jω0)| = 0;
ω → ∞, |T(j∞)| → 1

39
 |T|
1

0.707
|T(jω1)| = |T(jω2)|
BW = ω0 /Q

0 ω1 ω0 ω2 ω
Fig. 11: Band-stop / notch filter

40
 Phase response
s   
2 2
0
TBS ( s )  -ve sign means the
s0 circuit is inverting
s 
2
 0 2
Q

TBS ( j ) 
0   
2 2

j0
0   
2 2
Q
 BS ( )   K   Z     P  
 0  0 180    P  
0 0

ω ≤ ω0 (ω > ω0)
 BS ( )  0 180   tan
0 0 


10

Q   0
 2
  2 
 41
 0 For ω = 0, θ(0) = 0º;
Q
 0 180   tan
0 0 1 ω = ω 0, θ(ω0) = -90º;
02  ω = ω -0, θ(ω-0)  -90º;
 ω = ω+0, θ(ω+0)  90º;
90º ω → ∞, θ(∞) → 0º

θ(ω)

0 ω0 ω

-90º
42
Fig. 12: Bandstop filter
b) If R3= R1/2, (5) becomes


 s 
2 s  1 

v2  R1C1 R2 R4C1C2 
 2
v1 s  s  1
R1C1 R2 R4C1C2
jω
 s0 2 x
 s  2
 0
 Q 

s0 σ
s 
2
 02
Q x

Quad pole-zero configuration

43
  j0 
 0    
2 2
 Q 
T ( j ) 
j0
0    
2 2
Q

  1
2

     0 Q
2
0
2 2

T ( j ) 
    0  Q  |T|
2

 2
0
2 2

1

ω
0
Fig. 13: All-pass filter
44
 Phase response
j0
  
2 2
0 Q
TAP ( j ) 
j0
  
2 2
0 Q

 AP ( )  tan  

 0
1
Q  
2
0
2 
 
 
 tan 1  0
 Q  2
0
2 
 
 

 0
0 For
1 Q 1 Q ω = 0, θ(0) = 0º;
 tan  tan ω = ω0, θ(ω0) = -180º;
 2
0 
02  ω → ∞, θ(∞) → -360º
  45
 Case 2
R2
R1
R3 C1 C2 R5
v1 - R4
R5
+ -
v2 `
- v2
+ v3 +
R6
R6
R6
-
R6 v’’2
+
Fig. 14 46
 v2  v2 v2 
v2    v1  v2  v2     1   
v1  v1 v1 

v2

2

s s 1
R1C1
 1
R3C1  1
R2 R4C1C2
 1
R3 R4C1C 2 
v1 s  s
2
 1
R1C1 R2 R4 C1C2
If R1= R2= R3 then

v2 s
2

 2
v1 s  s  1
R1C1 R2 R4 C1C2
47
  2
T ( j ) 
j0
 2
0  2
 Q
2
T ( j ) 

 
2

 2
0  2 2
  0
Q
Let ω0 = 1 so that
 2
1
T ( j )  
 Q    
2 2 2
1   
2 2
  1
 2  1  1
Q
48
For ω = 0, |T(j0)| = 0;
ω = ω0= 1, |T(jω0)| = Q;
ω → ∞, |T(j∞)| → 1
|T|
Q
1

0 ω0 ωpeak ω
Fig. 15: High-pass filter characteristic 49
 Phase response

 2
THP ( j ) 
j0
 2
0  2
 Q
 HP ( )  180  tan
 

 0
Q
1
   0
 2
  2 


0
1 Q
 180  tan


02 

For ω = 0, θ(0) = 180º;
ω = ω 0, θ(ω0) = 90º;
ω → ∞, θ(∞) → 0º 50
Pole-zero configuration for second order networks
jω jω jω
x x x

σ σ σ
x x x

Low-pass jω High-pass Band-pass

jω
x x
σ σ
x x
Band-stop All-pass 51
θLP(ω) θHP(ω) θBP(ω) θAP(ω)
ω0 ω
0º 180º 90º 0º

-90º 90º 0º -180 º

-180º 0º -90º -360 º

NB: The four op-amp biquad circuit is a universal filter.

52