Chapter -2

Two port Network

Bewnet Getachew
University Of Hargeisa
Lecturer
Contents
2.1 Definition of Two-Port Circuits
2.2 Classification of Two-Port Parameters
2.3 Finding Two-Port Parameters
2.4 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port Circuit
2.5 Interconnected Two-Port Circuits
2.1 Definition of Two-Port Circuits
Single-Port Circuit
A “port” refers to a pair of terminals through which
a single current flows and across which there is a
single voltage.

Fig. 1 A one port

network
Fig. 2
 I1 Input impedance Input admittance
+
V1 One port
V1 I1
- network Z in  Yin 
I1 V1
Zin Yin
Fig. 3 A one port network
Example 1
Determine the input impedance of the circuit in Fig. 4
I1 Vin
I in  I1   I1 
Z2
 I1 Z2 Vin  (1   ) Z 2 I in
Z3
Z in  (1   ) Z 2
Z in
Fig. 4
Example 2
Determine the output impedance of the circuit in Fig. 5

I1 I out Vout
I out   I1   I1  (1   )
+ Z1
Vout Vout Z
Z1  I1 Z out   1
I out 1  
Z3 Z out
-

Fig. 5
Two Port Network
A two port network is an electrical network with two separate
ports for input and output.
The two port network has terminal pairs acting as access
points.
This means that the current entering one terminal of a pair
leaves the other terminal in the pair.
Three terminal devices, such as transistors can be configured
as two port devices.

The port variables are

port currents I1 and I2
and the port voltages V1
and V2.

Fig. 6 A two port network

By convention, regard Port 1 as the input and Port 2 as the
input (and use the polarity labels shown). We consider circuits
with no internal independent sources.
• a four-terminal network with input port and output port
• the network characteristics is completely described by v1,
i1, v2, i2
• a useful method to analyze filter, amplifier,….
• can be extended to multi-port networks

i1 = i3 i2=i4 No independent sources are in

the two-port network and load.
 In analyzing some electrical systems, focusing on two pairs of terminal is
convenient.
Often, a signal is fed into one pair of terminals and then after being
processed, is extracted at a second pair of terminals.
The terminal pairs represent the points where signals are either fed in or
extracted. They are referred to as ports of the system.
The fundamental principle underlying two-port modeling of a system is
that only the terminal variables (i1, v1, i2, and v2) are of interest.
All external connections must be made to either the input port or output
port, no connections are allowed between the ports.

Fig 7 Common-Emitter
(CE) Fixed-Bias
Configuration
Examples

Two-port circuits are useful in communications, control systems,

power systems, and electronic systems.
2.2 Parameters
To characterize a two-port network requires that we relate the
terminal quantities V1, V2, I1, and I2.
Out of these only two are independent.
The terms that relate to these voltages and currents are called
parameters.
Impedance and admittance parameters are commonly used in
the synthesis of filters.
They are also important in the design and analysis of
impedance-matching networks and power distribution networks.
Six Possibilities
 Open-circuit, impedance, or z-parameters.
 Short-circuit, admittance, or y-parameters.
 Hybrid, or h-parameters.
 Inverse hybrid, or g-parameters.
 Transmission, or ABCD-parameters.
 Inverse transmission, or abcd-parameters
1. Open-circuit, impedance, or z-parameters.

Sources: i1, i2 responses v1, v2

The values of the parameters can be evaluated by setting i 1=0
(input port open-circuited) or i2=0 (output port open-circuited).
Example -1
Find the z-parameters for a resistive circuit shown in Fig. 11
Solution:
To obtain z11 and z21 we connect a voltage V1 (or a current
source i1) to port 1 with port 2 open circuited as in Fig. 11.a.

Fig. 11 Fig. 11.a

To obtain z12 and z22 we connect a voltage V2 (or a current
source i2) to port 2 with port 1 open circuited as in Fig. 11 b.

Fig. 11.b
Note that each of these parameters is the ratio of a voltage to
a current and therefore is an impedance with the dimension of
ohms; this is why they are called z-parameters.
When Z11=Z22, the two-port network is said to be symmetrical.
When the two-port network is linear and has no dependent
sources, the transfer impedances are equal(Z12=Z21), and the
two-port network is said to be reciprocal.

Example -2
Determine the z parameters for the circuit in Fig. 12.

Fig. 12
Solution:
Practice Problem 1
Find the z parameters of the two-port network in Fig. 13.

Practice Problem 2
Find the z parameters of the two-port network in Fig. 14.
Practice Problem 3
Given the following circuit. Determine the Z parameters.

I1 I2
8 10 

+ +

V1 20  20  V2

_ _

Find the Z parameters for the above network.

For z11: For z22:

Z11 = 8 + 20||30 = 20  Z22 = 20||30 = 12 

For z12:
Therefore:
V 20 xI 2 x 20 8 xI 2
z  1 V1   8 xI 2 z 12   8  = z 21
12 I I  0 20  30 I2
2 1
The Z parameter equations can be expressed in matrix form as
follows.

V1   z11 z12   I 1 

V    z   
z 22   I 2 
 2   21
V1   20 8   I 1 
V    8 12  I 
 2   2 
Practice Problem 4
You are given the following circuit. Find the Z parameters.

I1 I2
1 4 

+ +
+ 2 
1 Vx
V1 V2
- 2 Vx
_
_

V
z  1 Substituting gives;
11 I I  0
1 2
V x V x  2V x 6V x  V x  2V x
3V1  I 1 
I1    I1 
1 6 6 2
V1 5
3V x or  z11  
I1  but V x  V1  I 1 I1 3
2
Other Answers

Z21 = -0.667 

Z12 = 0.222 

Z22 = 1.111 
 2. Short circuit admittance (Y parameter)

I y11 is the admittance seen looking into port 1

y  1
11 V V 0 when port 2 is shorted.
1 2

I y12 is a transfer admittance. It is the ratio of the

y  1 current at port 1 to the voltage at port 2 when
12 V V 0
2 1 port 1 is shorted.

I y21 is a transfer impedance. It is the ratio of the

y  2
21 V V 0 current at port 2 to the voltage at port 1 when
1 2
port 2 is shorted.

I
y  2 y22 is the admittance seen looking into port 2
22 V V 0
2 1 when port 1 is shorted.
Example -1
Given the following network.

(a) Find the Y parameters for the network.

(b) From the Y parameters find the z parameters

Solution:
The values of the parameters can be evaluated by setting V1=0 (input
port short-circuited) or V2=0 (output port short-circuited)
The y-parameters are also called the short-circuit admittance
parameters:
y11= Short-circuit input admittance
y12= Short -circuit transfer admittance from port 2 to port 1
y21= Short -circuit transfer admittance from port 1 to port 2
y22= Short -circuit output admittance
To obtain y11 and y21 we connect a current I1 (or a voltage source V1)
to input port 1 with output port 2 short circuited as in Fig. 18 .

To obtain y12 and y22 we connect a current source I2 (or a voltage

source V2) to port 2 with port 1 short circuited as in Fig 19.
Self Test :
a) Determine the z-parameters for the circuit in Fig. 20
b) Determine the y-parameters for the circuit in Fig. 21

Fig. 20 Circuit for self test Fig. 21 Circuit for self test
3. Hybrid Parameters (h parameters)
Sometimes the z and y parameters do not always exist.
There is thus a need for developing another set of parameters.
sources : V2, I2 , responses : V1, I1
They are particularly useful for characterizing transistors.
Transformers too can be characterized by the h parameters.

V1 V1 The parameters h11, h12, h21,

h11  h12  and h22 represent an impedance,
I1 V 0 V2 I1  0
2 a voltage gain, a current gain,
and an admittance respectively
I2 I2
h21  h22 
I1 V2  0
V2 I1  0
Example Obtain the h parameters

Solution:
The values of the parameters can be evaluated by setting V2=0
(output port short-circuited) or I1=0 (input port open-circuited)
To obtain h11 and h21 we connect a current I1 (or a voltage source V1)
to input port 1 with output port 2 short circuited as in Fig. a
To obtain h12 and h22 we connect a voltage source V2 to port 2 with
port 1 open circuited as in Fig b.
 From Fig.(a),

From Fig.(b),
Practice Problem
• Find the hybrid parameters for the two-port network of Fig. 24.
4. Transmission Parameters (ABCD parameters)

A = Open-circuit voltage ratio

B = Negative short-circuit transfer impedance
C = Open-circuit transfer admittance
D = Negative short-circuit current ratio
Example
• Find the transmission parameters for the two-port network in Fig.

Solution:
From Fig.(a), From Fig.(b),