Pitch Deck 2023

</ Computer
System } /> [
Overwiew />

Abhineet Banerjee 11A

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</ What is a computer?
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to
carry out sequences of logical or arithmetic operations
automatically.
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The way we uysed to live around 25-30 years ago is
very different from how we live today.

Computers are the machines that have revolutionised the

world around us.

In short, in every aspect of our life, we see computers

play a role directly or indirectly.

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</ Table of contents
{01} {04}
Introduction Input and Output Unit
{02} {05}
Basic Components Central Processing Unit

{03} {06}
Computer Organisation Memory
{04} {08}
Storage Unit System Bus
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Pitch Deck 20xx

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Introduction 01
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</ Introduction

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Hardware Software
Hardware is the name given to the physical Software is the name given to the recorded
electronic components of a computer. instructions and programs that govern the working
of a computer.
These include : Keyboard, CPU, Monitor, Printer,
Mouse, etc. # Important Note : A program is a set of instructions
to carry out a specific task

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 Introduction
Introduction

Basic
Components

Computer
Organisation

I/O Unit

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Introduction

Basic Basic Components

Components

Computer
Organisation

I/O Unit

CPU

Memory
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</ Basic Components/ Six recommendations
Input Unit Output Unit ALU
Responsible for taking input for the Responsible for taking input for the Responsible for carrying out the
computer computer arithmetic instructions and making
logic decisions
The input devices attached to the The output devices attached to the
computer system make the input unit computer system make the output unit

Central Unit Primary Memory SSU

Responsible for controlling and Internal Volatile Memory where data Refers to the external storage devices
supervising the processing and instructions are stored during which provide permanent memory to
processing the computer system

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Introduction

Basic Basic Components

Components

Computer
Organisation

I/O Unit

CPU

Memory
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 Basic
Components

Computer Computer Organisation

Organisation

I/O Unit

CPU

Memory

Storage Unit

System Bus
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Pitch Deck 20xx

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10 seconds-9
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How fast a computer usually processes
information

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</ Computer Organisation
Computer Organization is concerned with the structure
and behaviour of a computer system as seen by the user.

It deals with the components of a connection in a system.

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Computer Organization tells us how exactly all the units
in the system are arranged and interconnected.

Organization involves Physical Components (Circuit

design, Adders, Signals, Peripherals)

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 NOTE :
If you turn to Page 2 on your Computer Science Textbooks you can see a very important note which reads as follows.

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 Basic
Components

Computer Computer Organisation

Organisation

I/O Unit

CPU

Memory

Storage Unit

System Bus
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 Computer
Organisation

I/O Unit
I/O Unit
CPU

Memory

Storage Unit

System Bus

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</ Input and Output Unit
INPUT OUTPUT

Keyboard Monitors
Displays information on a
Typewriter like device used to
screen. The picture is made up
type in letters
of thousands of ‘pixels’


Mouse Printers
Pointing Device with optical Devices that deliver information by
sensor attached to its base means of printed characters on paper

Microphone Speakers
Converts sound into digitized
sound or digital audio Recieve the sound through current
then convert to sound format

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 Computer
Organisation

I/O Unit
I/O Unit
CPU

Memory

Storage Unit

System Bus

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Organisation

I/O Unit

CPU
CPU
Memory

Storage Unit

System Bus

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</ Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU or the Central Processing Unit is the main
control centre and processing unit.

It is also called the brain of the computer as it guides,

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directs and controls and governs the performance of a
computer.

The CPU has some sub-components that help in carrying

out the processsing of a task.

These include :
i) Arithmetic Logic Unit
ii) Control Unit
iii) Registers

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 </ Sub-Components of the CPUSix
recommendations
Arithmetic Logic Unit Central Unit Registers
The ALU performs all the four The CU controls and guides the Registers or processor registers are
arithmetic and some logical interpretation, flow and manipulation small units of data holding places.
operations. of all data and information.
The CPU uses registers to temporarily
When two numbers are required to be The CU sends control signals until the hold some imporant processing
added, these numbers are sent from required operations are done properly information durting the time the
memory to ALU where addition takes by ALU and memory. porcessing is taking place.
place and the result is put back in the
memory. Another important function of CU is CPU may store some part data or
the program execution, i.e., carrying some memory address or some
In the same way, other arithmetic out all the instructions stored in the instruction in its processor registers
operations are performed through the program
ALU itself.

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Organisation

I/O Unit

CPU
CPU
Memory

Storage Unit

System Bus

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 I/O Unit

CPU

Memory Memory
Storage Unit

System Bus

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</ The Memory (Primary)
The main memory is the internal workspace of the
computer where data and instructions are held during
processing.
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Each memory location has a unique memory address.

When the task is performed, it clears the memory and

memory space is then available for the next task to be
performed.

A bit is an elementary unit of the memory.

Eight bits together form a byte

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</ The Memory (Primary)
One byte is the smallest unit which can represnt a data
item or a character. Other units of memory are KB, MB,
GB, TB, etc.

Every higher memory unit is equal to 210 of its lower

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unit.

Since computer’s main memory (primary memory) is

temporary, secondary memory space is needed to store
data and information permanantly for later uyse. Some
most common secondary storage media are the hard disk,
pen drive, etc.

The secondary memory devices are also known as

storage devices.

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</ The Memory (Primary)
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</ Parts of Main/Primary Memory
In the random-access memory (RAM), the memory cells
can be accessed for information transfew from any
desired random location.

That is, the process of locating a word in memory is the

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same and requires an equal amount of memory, thus the
name “random access”.

The main drawback of RAM memory is that it is a

volatile memory. That is, when the power goes off, the
contents of RAM get erased.

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</ Parts of Main/Primary Memory
Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Static RAM
These are made up of transistors and These are made up of
capacitors. flip-flops and offer faster access times
(about 10 nanoseconds) than DRAMs.
Today’s DRAM chips have memory
access times (time taken to produce Static RAMs are thus used in
data from memory) ranging from specialized applications while
below 20 to 70 nanoseconds dynamic RAMs are used in the
primary storage sections of most
computers.

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</ Read Only Memory (ROM)
A read-only memory (ROM) is a memory unit that
performs the read operation only; it does not have a write
capability.

This implies that the binary information stored in a ROM

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is made permanent during the hardware production of the
unit and cannot be altered by writing different words into
it (hence non-volatile).

ROM, however, is slower than RAM.

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</ Various Types of ROMSix
recommendations
PROM AKA OTP E-PROM E-E-PROM
User programmable memory in which In E-Prom, one can program the In EEPROM, the E-PROM is erased
informatation is burnt using special memory chip and erase it as many electrically which is faster. Also with
equipment called a ROM burner times as needed. The UV-EPROM can EEPROM, selective bytes can be
take up to 20 minutes for erasing its erased unlike UV-EPROM which
contents erases fully

Flash E-E-PROM Mask ROM

Similar to EEPROM but is very fast Referes to a kind of ROM in which the
comparatively. contents are programmed by the IC
Also it erases fully and not selectively Manufacturer, that is, it is not a user-
which is a major downside programmable ROM

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</ Cache {Cash} Memory {} - pronounciation
Cache Memory is a special high-speed storage
mechanism.

It can be either a reserved section of main memory or an

independent high-speed storage device or even on CPU php>
chip.

Whenever some data is required, the CPU first looks in

the cache, if it is there or not.

If the data is found in cache, CPU does not access

memory and hence the process becomes very fast.

95% of the time the processor is working, it is

accessing information from cache

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 I/O Unit

CPU

Memory Memory
Storage Unit

System Bus

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 CPU

Memory

Storage Unit Storage Unit

System Bus

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</ Storage Unit
Computers need to store and retrieve data for
processing.

Since primary memory has a limited storage capacity

and is not permanent, secondary storage devices are
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used to store large amount of data permanently.

There are various types of secondary devicers

available these days.

NOTE : We can represent the storage capacity of storage

devices in terms of kilobytes (KBs), megabytes (MBs),
gigabytes (GBs) and terabytes (TBs) as we do for main
memory.

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</ Common Storage Devices/ Six
DVDs
recommendations
Hard Disks
Compact Disks
DVD is an optical storage device that
Hard Disk memories store information
(CDs) looks similar to CDs but is able to
CDs are optical media. hold 15 times as much information
on one or more circular platters (or
disks) which are continually spinning. The CDs are relatively cheap and have a and transfer it 20 times as fast. (17GB)
storage capacity of upto 700 Mb.

Flash Memory Blu-Ray Disk

Small, Ultra-Portable Storage Device Optical disk storage media format. Its main uses are high-defintion video and
with a ‘solid state’ memory i.e., it has data storage. The disc has the same dimensions as a standard DVD or CD. While
no moving parts unlike magnetic current optical disc technologies such as DVD rely on red laser, the new format
storage devices, nor does it make use uses blue-violet laser.
of lasers.

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 CPU

Memory

Storage Unit Storage Unit

System Bus

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 Memory

Storage Unit

System Bus System Bus

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</ System Bus
The system bus (or the bus) is an electronic pathway
composed of connecting cables and that connects the
major components of a computer system. Through system
bus, data and instructions are passed among the computer
system components.
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The data carrying part of system bus is called Data Bus.

The control instruction carrying part of system bus is called

Control Part.

The memory address carrying part of system bus is called

Address Bus.

A seperate type of bus called I/O Bus connects the Input,

Output and other external devices to the system.

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Pitch Deck 20xx

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