Week 1 Review

Working with Matrices

c = 5.66 or c = [5.66] c is a scalar or a 1 x 1 matrix

x = [ 3.5, 33.22, 24.5 ] x is a row vector or a 1 x 3 matrix
x1 = [ 2
5
3
-1] x1 is column vector or a 4 x 1 matrix
A=[1 2 4
2 -2 2
0 3 5
5 4 9] A is a 4 x 3 matrix
 Week 1 Review
Indexing Matrices

• A m x n matrix is defined by the number of m rows and number

of n columns
• An individual element of a matrix can be specified with the notation
A(i,j) or Ai,j for the generalized element, or by A(4,1)=5 for a specific
element.
Example:
>> A = [1 2 4 5;6 3 8 2] A is a 2 x 4 matrix
>> A(2,1)
Ans 6
 Week 1 Review
Indexing Matrices

• Specific elements of any matrix can be overwritten using the

matrix index
Example:
A = [1 2 4 5
6 3 8 2]

>> A(2,1) = 9
Ans
A = [1 2 4 5
9 3 8 2]
 Week 1 Review
Indexing Matrices
A = [1 2 4 5
6 3 8 2]
• The colon operator can be used to index a range of elements
>> A(1,1:3)
Ans 1 2 4
 Matrix Indexing Cont..
Indexing Matrices
A = [1 2 4 5
6 3 8 2]

• The colon operator can index all rows or columns without setting
an explicit range
>> A(:,3)
Ans 4 8
>> A(2,:)
Ans 6 3 8 2
B. Matrix Operations
 Matrix Operations
Indexing Matrices
• An empty or null matrix can be created using square brackets
>> A = [ ]

** TIP: The size and length functions can quickly return the number
of elements and dimensions of a matrix variable
 Matrix Operations
Indexing Matrices
A = [1 2 4 5
6 3 8 2]

• The colon operator can can be used to remove entire rows or

columns

>> A(:,3) = [ ]
A = [1 2 5
6 3 2]

>> A(2,:) = [ ]
A = [1 2 5]
 Matrix Operations
Indexing Matrices
A = [1 2 4 5
6 3 8 2]

• However individual elements within a matrix cannot be assigned

an empty value

>> A(1,3) = [ ]
??? Subscripted assignment dimension mismatch.
 N – Dimensional Matrices
A = [1 2 4 5 B = [5 3 7 9
6 3 8 2] 1 9 9 8]

• Multidimensional matrices can be created by concatenating 2-D

matrices together
• The cat function concatenates matrices of compatible
dimensions together:

Usage: cat(dimensions, Matrix1, Matrix2)

 N – Dimensional Matrices
Examples
A = [1 2 4 5 B = [5 3 7 9
6 3 8 2] 1 9 9 8]

>> C = cat(3,[1,2,4,5;6,3,8,2],[5,3,7,9;1,9,9,8])

>> C = cat(3,A,B)
 Matrix Operations
Scalar Operations
• Scalar (single value) calculations can be can performed on
matrices and arrays

Basic Calculation Operators

+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
^ Exponentiation
 Matrix Operations
Scalar Operations
• Scalar (single value) calculations can be performed on matrices
and arrays

A = [1 2 4 5 B = [1 C=5
6 3 8 2] 7
3
3]
Try:
A + 10; A * 5; B / 2; A.^C; A*B
 Matrix Operations
Scalar Operations
• Scalar (single value) calculations can be performed on matrices
and arrays

A = [1 2 4 5 B = [1 C=5
6 3 8 2] 7
3
3]
Try:
A + 10
A*5
B/2
A^C What is happening here?
 Matrix Operations
Matrix Operations
• Matrix to matrix calculations can be performed on matrices and
arrays
Addition and Subtraction
• Matrix dimensions must be the same or the added/subtracted
value must be scalar

A = [1 2 4 5 B = [1 C=5 D = [2 4 6 8
6 3 8 2] 7 1 3 5 7]
3
3]
Try:
>>A + B >>A + C >>A + D
 Matrix Operations
Matrix Multiplication

• Built in matrix multiplication in Matlab is either:

1. Algebraic dot product

2. Element by element multiplication
 Matrix Operations
The Dot Product

• The dot product for two matrices A and B is defined whenever

the number of columns of A are equal to the number of rows of b

• A(x1,y1) * B(x2,y2)
 Matrix Operations
The Dot Product

• The dot product for two matrices A and B is defined whenever

the number of columns of A are equal to the number of rows of b

• A(x1,y1) * B(x2,y2)
 Matrix Operations
The Dot Product

• The dot product for two matrices A and B is defined whenever

the number of columns of A are equal to the number of rows of b

• A(x1,y1) * B(x2,y2)
 Matrix Operations
The Dot Product

• The dot product for two matrices A and B is defined whenever

the number of columns of A are equal to the number of rows of b

• A(x1,y1) * B(x2,y2) = C(x1,y2)

 Matrix Operations
The Dot Product

• A(x1,y1) * B(x2,y2) = C(x1,y2)

A = [1 2 B = [1 D = [2 2 E = [2 4 3 6]
6 3] 7 2 2]
3
3]
Try:
>>A * D
>>B * E
>>A * B
 Matrix Operations
Element by Element Multiplication
• Element by element multiplication of matrices is performed with
the .* operator
• Matrices must have identical dimensions

A = [1 2 B = [1 D = [2 2 E = [2 4 3 6]
63] 7 22]
3
3]
>>A .* D
Ans = [ 2 4
12 6]
 Matrix Operations
Matrix Division

• Built in matrix division in Matlab is either:

1. Left or right matrix division

2. Element by element division
 Matrix Operations
Left and Right Division

• Left and Right division utilizes the / and \ operators

• Left (\) division:

X = A\B is a solution to A*X = B
• Right (/) division:
X = B/A is a solution to X*A = B

• Left division requires A and B have the same number of rows

• Right division requires A and B have the same number of
columns
 Matrix Operations
Element by Element Division
• Element by element division of matrices is performed with the ./
operator
• Matrices must have identical dimensions

A = [1 2 4 5 B = [1 D = [2 2 2 2 E = [2 4 3 6]
6 3 8 2] 7 2 2 2 2]
3
3]
>>A ./ D

Ans = [ 0.5000 1.0000 2.0000 2.5000

3.0000 1.5000 4.0000 1.0000 ]
 Matrix Operations
Element by Element Division

• Any division by zero will be returned as a NAN in matlab (not a

number)
• Any subsequent operation with a NAN value will return NAN
 Matrix Operations
Matrix Exponents

• Built in matrix Exponentiation in Matlab is either:

1. A series of Algebraic dot products

2. Element by element exponentiation

Examples:
• A^2 = A * A (Matrix must be square)
• A.^2 = A .* A
 Matrix Operations
Shortcut: Transposing Matrices
• The transpose of a matrix is the matrix formed by interchanging
the rows and columns of a given matrix

A = [1 2 4 5 B = [1
6 3 8 2] 7
3
3]
>> transpose(A) >> B’
A = [1 6 B = [1 7 3 3]
23
48
5 2]
 Matrix Operations
Other handy built in matrix functions Include:

inv() Matrix inverse

det() Matrix determinant
poly() Characteristic Polynomial
C. Relational Operators
 Relational Operators
• Relational operators are used to compare two scaler values or
matrices of equal dimensions

Relational Operators
< less than
<= less than or equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
== equal
~= not equal
 Relational Operators
• Comparison occurs between pairs of corresponding elements
• A 1 or 0 is returned for each comparison indicating TRUE or
FALSE
• Matrix dimensions must be equal!

>> 5 == 5
Ans 1
>> 20 >= 15
Ans 1
 Relational Operators
A = [1 2 4 5 B=7 C = [2 2 2 2
6 3 8 2] 2 2 2 2]

Try:
>>A > B
>> A < C
 Relational Operators
The Find Function
• The ‘find’ function is extremely helpful with relational operators
for finding all matrix elements that fit some criteria
A = [1 2 4 5 B=7 C = [2 2 2 2 D = [0 2 0 5 0 2]
6 3 8 2] 2 2 2 2]
• The positions of all elements that fit the given criteria are
returned

>> find(D > 0)

• The resultant positions can be used as indexes to change these

elements

>> D(find(D>0)) = 10 D = [10 2 10 5 10 2]

 Relational Operators
The Find Function

A = [1 2 4 5 B=7 C = [2 2 2 2 D = [0 2 0 5 0 2]
6 3 8 2] 2 2 2 2]

• The ‘find’ function can also return the row and column indexes of
of matching elements by specifying row and column arguments
>> [x,y] = find(A == 5)

• The matching elements will be indexed by (x1,y1), (x2,y2), …

>> A(x,y) = 10
A = [ 1 2 4 10
6382 ]