Swpps 2nd Sem-4

COURSE TITLE: SOCIAL WELFARE POLICIES,
PROGRAMS AND SERVICES

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
Analysis of social welfare policies, programs and services
of relevant stakeholders and institutions in the public and
private sectors such as government agencies, non-
governmental organizations, people’s organizations, faith-
based organizations, corporate foundations and their
implications to social work practice.
Review of definition of social work:
global and Phil. definition
◦ 2014 Global Definition of Social Work (Approved by the IFSW General Meeting and the IASSW
General Assembly in July 2014)
Social Work is practice-based profession and an academic discipline that

promotes social change and development, social cohesion, and the
empowerment and liberation of people. Principles of justice, human rights,
collective responsibility and respect for diversities are central to social work.
Underpinned by theories of social work, social sciences, humanities and
indigenous knowledge, social work engages people and structures to address
life challenges and enhance well-being.
◦ (International Association of Schools of Social Work: 2001).
“a profession which promotes social change, problem solving in

human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of
people to enhance well-being. Utilizing theories of human
behavior and social systems, social work intervenes at the points
where people interact with their environments. Principles of
human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work"
SIMILARITY OF THE DEFINITONS
(2014 Global Definition of Social Work ) (International Association of Schools of Social
Work: 2001).
 practice-based profession  Profession

 academic discipline  promotes social change, problem solving
 promotes social change and development, social
cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation in human relationships and the
of people. empowerment and liberation of people
 Utilizes theories of human behavior and social  Aim: enhance well-being
systems  Utilizes theories of human behavior and
 Central to SW: Principles of justice, human
rights, collective responsibility and respect for
social systems
diversities  social work intervenes (people interact
 Underpinned by theories of social work, social with their environments)
sciences, humanities and indigenous knowledge  Fundamental to SW: Principles of
 social work engages people and structures human rights and social justice
 Aim: address life challenges and enhance well-
being.
◦ RA 4373 (1965) the profession which is primarily
concerned with organized social service activity aimed
at facilitating and strengthening basic social
relationships and the mutual adjustment between
individuals and their social environment for the good of
the individual and of society by the use of social work
methods.
◦
ANALYSIS (from the three definitions
given)
 practice-based profession
 academic discipline
(2014 Global Definition of Social
Work )
Profession
RA 4373 (1965)
 academic discipline
(International Association of Schools
of Social Work: 2001).
 social change and development,
social cohesion, and the
empowerment and liberation of
people. (2014 Global Definition of Social Work )
Concerned with
organized social
service activity RA PROMOTES
4373 (1965)
 social change, problem solving in
human relationships and the
empowerment and liberation of
people (International Association of Schools of Social Work:
2001).
 Aim: address life challenges and
enhance well-being. (2014
Global Definition of Social
Work )
Aims: facilitating
and strengthening
basic social
relationships and AIMS
mutual
adjustment RA
4373 (1965)
Aim: enhance well-being
(International Association of
Schools of Social Work: 2001).
 social work
engages people
and structures
(2014 Global
Definition of
Social Work )
between individuals
and their social SOCIAL WORK
environment. RA 4373 ENGAGEMENT
(1965)
 social work
intervenes
(people interact
with their
environments)
(International Association
of Schools of Social Work:
2001).
 Utilizes theories of human
behavior and social systems.
 Central to SW: Principles of
justice, human rights, collective
responsibility and respect for
diversities (2014 Global Definition of
Social Work )
social work methods

(casework, groupwork,
community organization  Utilizes theories of human behavior
RA 4373 (1965) and social systems.
 Fundamental to SW: Principles of
human rights and social justice
(International Association of Schools of
Social Work: 2001).
Implication of social work definitions to
social welfare
◦ From the above definitions, it follows that social work consists of
organized and systematic efforts to secure the highest personal
and social satisfaction for individuals, groups and communities. Its
auspices may be voluntary, governmental or combination of both.
Social work in its various forms addresses the multiple, complex
transactions between people and their environments, and aims at
enabling all people to develop their full potential, enrich their lives,
and prevent dysfunction.
Stakeholders/sectors involved in social welfare (public, private,
voluntary, mutual aid and informal)
Stakeholders
◦ A stakeholder is a person who has something to gain or lose
through the outcomes of a planning process or project.
◦ The term refers to persons, groups or organizations that must
somehow be taken into account by leaders, managers and frontline
staff.
◦ Any group or individual who can affect or [be] affected by the
achievement of an organization's objectives’.
Stakeholders/sectors involved in social welfare (public, private,
voluntary, mutual aid and informal)
Who are they?

◦shareholders, management, employees,
trade unions, customers, suppliers, and
communities.
Importance of stakeholders (In the Philippine context)
1.Stakeholders are the recipient of policy.

2.The improvement in the lives of
Stakeholders determine success or failure
of public policy.
Importance of stakeholders (In the Philippine context)
3. Stakeholders are the ticket of policy makers to stay in office.

Hence, policy makers in Congress and the Executive formulate
policies that appeal to certain stakeholders
• Cynthia Villar’s campaign focuses on livelihood projects to solve
unemployment.
◦ PNOY’s Tuwid na Daan targets the call of the people for a cleaner
government.
What are needs?
◦ A need or a problem becomes social work’s point of entry into the
life of another person or group of persons.
◦ Need – defined as a condition or situation in which something
necessary or desirable is required or wanted.
◦ When a person’s need has not been met or there are obstacles to its
fulfillment so that the person’s capability to function satisfactorily
is threatened or impaired, it becomes a problem.
Why needs are controversial?
◦ As need are felt man desires the satisfaction of these
needs. Needs then serve as motivations to action. As
man meets the lower needs he focuses his attention on
the higher ones. There is a continuous demand and
striving to reach another need until he becomes self-
actualized.
The Concept of Equity and equality…
◦ are two strategies we can use in an effort to produce
fairness.
EQUITY (Fairness, Impartiality, Justice, Fair play)
◦ is giving everyone what they need to be successful.
◦ involves trying to understand and give people what they
need to enjoy full, healthy lives.
Equity and equality…
EQUALITY (Egalitarian, Equal opportunity, Equivalence,
Uniformity)
◦ is treating everyone the same.
◦ aims to ensure that everyone gets the same things in order to enjoy
full, healthy lives.
◦ Like equity, equality aims to promote fairness and justice, BUT it
can only work if everyone starts from the same place and needs the
same things.
EQUITY EQUALITY
giving everyone what they need treating everyone the same

trying to understand and give everyone gets the same things
people what they need Aim: to enjoy full, healthy
AIM: be successful, to enjoy lives.
full, healthy lives. BUT: can only work if
everyone starts from the same
place and needs the same
things.
Needs Based to Human Rights
Approach
Needs-based approach
◦ This approach was to base interventions on the needs as
expressed by the poor themselves.
◦ This approach came with a very important change: the
poor participated in the process of identifying their real
needs and deciding on the means to alleviate those needs.
Needs-Based Approach
◦ For decades, the Needs-Based Approach to
development prevailed. Although the Needs-Based
Approach included the poor in the process, it
stopped short of addressing policies and regulations
that could make systemic change.
The shortcomings of Needs-Based
Approach include:
◦ It kept the image of poor people as (begging)
beneficiaries and donors as benevolent.
◦ It implied no obligations on political circles and
other influential stakeholders.
◦ Benevolent people met the needs of the poor only
when resources were available.
The shortcomings of Needs-Based
Approach include:
◦ Interventions were mostly at micro levels with minimal
effort at the macro, national or international level.
◦ It caused frustration as it encouraged people to participate
at community development level, but discouraged them
from participating in higher, policy-making circles.
Rights-Based Approach
◦ Rights-based approach to development is an
approach to development promoted by
many development agencies and non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) to achieve a positive
transformation of power relations among the
various development actors.
There are two stakeholder groups in rights-based development—the rights holders (who do not experience full rights) and the duty bearers (the institutions obligated to fulfill the holders' rights).
◦Rights-based approaches aim at

strengthening the capacity of duty
bearers and empower the rights
holders.
UN GA Adopted the Declaration on the
Right to Development
◦ “The right to development is an inalienable human right by
virtue of which every human person and all peoples are
entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy
economic, social, cultural and political development, in
which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can
be fully realized.”
This declaration gave a strong boost to the Rights-Based Approach to development and marked a new
era in social development.
Principles of the Rights-Based
Approach
Universality
◦‘Human rights are inalienable, in that
they cannot be taken away from
someone or voluntarily given up.’
Approach
Non-Discrimination and Equality
◦ ‘Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this
Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour,
sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social
origin, property, birth or other status.’
◦ Human rights apply to everyone everywhere and under any
circumstance.
Approach
Indivisibility
◦ ‘Rights are indivisible and should be taken in a holistic
way.’
◦ No one right is more important than another.
◦ Using RBA for development, we might set priorities to
fulfil rights, but it does not mean that we let go of other
rights.
Approach
Interdependence and Interrelatedness
◦ ‘All human rights are closely interrelated and
interdependent and affect one another.’
The right to education affects the right to work and the
right to good health, and vice versa. This principle helps us
to link the root causes of problems to the symptoms of the
problem.
Approach
Participation
◦ ‘Participation is an essential right.’
This is stated in the first article of the UN Declaration on the
Right to Development. It means that everyone is entitled to freely
fully contribute to, participate in and enjoy political, economic,
social and cultural development of their communities. The right to
participate needs to be protected and guaranteed by the state and
other entities.
Approach
The Rule of Law
◦Rights must be protected by both strong
legislations as well as an independent judicial
system to ensure that the law is fair and is
applied to all people.
Approach
Accountability - central piece in the rights-based approach as a
framework for social justice advocacy.
◦ There is an obligation to give these rights to their right holders.
◦ All people have rights and are called right holders.
◦ The people or entities who are obliged to deliver and ensure these
rights are called duty bearers
Accountability
Accountability is achieved by having the State as the principal duty
bearer do the following:
◦ Accept responsibility for the impact it has on people’s lives
◦ Co-operate by providing information, undertaking transparent
processes and hearing people’s views
◦ Respond adequately to those views
Principal Duty Bearer: The State
Obligations of States to International Human
Rights Law
◦The obligation to respect
◦The obligation to protect
◦The obligation to fulfil
Other Duty Bearers: Non-Government Duty Bearers
 Primary duty-bearers – e.g. parents for children, teachers for

students, police for crime suspects, doctors/nurses for patients,
employers for employees etc.
 Secondary duty-bearers – e.g. institutions and organisations with
immediate jurisdiction over the primary duty-bearers e.g. school
governors, community organisations, hospital administrations etc.
Other Duty Bearers: Non-Government Duty Bearers
◦ Tertiary duty-bearers – e.g. institutions and organisations

at a higher level / more remote jurisdiction such as NGOs,
aid agencies, private sector organisations etc.
◦ External duty-bearers – e.g. countries, institutions and
organisations with no direct involvement e.g. WTO, UN,
INGOs, Security Council, African Union etc.
Needs-Based Approach versus Rights-
Based Approach
Needs-based approach Rights-based approach
 Needs are associated  Rights are associated

with “having.” with “being.”
 Based on assessed  Based on established

needs human rights
Based Approach
 Needs may or may not be met;  Rights are enforceable and

they are not obligatory. place an obligation on the state
for fulfilment.
 Needs are the point of
reference, which implies  Violations of rights are taken as
interventions at a local or the starting point, which leads
micro level into analysis and actions at the
structural and macro levels
Based Approach
 Needs are subjective and  Rights are universal; they

can vary from person to apply to all, at all times.
person.
 Rights are universal and
 Needs are pertinent to the apply to all people
group or individual that has everywhere
such a need
Based Approach
 Needs are defined by the  Rights are fulfilled because

provider and are fulfilled out of right holders are entitled to
a sense of benevolence of the them and not because of
provider. goodwill of anyone concerned.
 Considers finding more  Considers the redistribution of

resources existing resources
Based Approach
 Needs may be limited or  Rights are not limited; rights
reduced especially in cases of evolve but they cannot be
resource crunch reduced.
 Keeps away from politics and  Politics is at the very heart of

policy making processes the development process
Based Approach
 Needs are felt  Rights are inherent
whether they are but have to be
fulfilled or not and recognised through
needs may or may law or policy before
not be met. they are attainable.
Based Approach
 There are no consequences  There are consequences if rights are
violated. There are mechanisms and
to the provider if needs are remedies for claiming rights. There is
accountability.
not met. There is no
accountability.  Rights approach seeks to empower and
provide for rights while helping individuals
claim their rights. Rights holders are
 Needs are handled mobilized. They know their rights.
individually  Rights are non-negotiable and indivisible

Based Approach
 People whose needs are being  Rights require a participatory
addressed may or may not process of the people in
participate in the process. question.
 Asks state officials and power  Holds state officials and power
holders for help holders accountable
Based Approach
 Needs can be selective and  Rights are for all. They are
provide for only certain people provided for in a non-
discriminatory way.
 Putting needy people in an  Helping people to restore their

inferior position by asking dignity by claiming their rights
others to meet their needs as human beings and citizens
Based Approach
 The non-fulfilment of needs  The violation of rights of even
becomes critical only when a one individual is wrong.
large section of people are
affected
 States, power holders and
 No obligation to meet the international entities have
needs. Needs are met when obligations to fulfil the rights
resources are available
Based Approach
 Needs are negotiable.  Rights are non-negotiable.
 Has a tendency to care for  Has a tendency to work more

those who are in need, but not with people whose rights are
those who are most needy. most violated or denied
(Low cost, high impact
preference).
Based Approach
 Aims at relieving  Aims at addressing
suffering structural injustices
 Usually, it is not  Carries a legal force
legally binding to the to development work
stakeholders
Based Approach
 Encourages Forces collective action
participation from and alliances from
within the community, different groups
with possible
collaboration with other
groups.
Principles of Social Welfare
SOCIAL JUSTICE
- Fair and just relation between the individual
and society.
- Measured by the explicit and tacit terms for the
distribution of wealth, opportunities for
personal activity and social privileges.
Western and Asian Countries
- The concept of social justice has often referred
to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfil
their societal roles and receive what was their
due from society.
CURRENT GLOBAL GRASSROOTS MOVEMENTS
- Emphasis of social justice has been on the breaking of barriers for
social mobility, the creation of safety nets and economic justice.
collection of services provided by the state or other

institutions including: welfare, unemployment benefit, universal
health care, homeless shelters.
HUMAN RIGHTS
- Rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our
nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic
origin, colour, religion, language or any other status.
- Often expressed and guaranteed by law, in the forms
of treaties, customary internal law, general principles.
RESPECT FOR DIVERSITY
-Social workers should understand culture and
its function in human behaviour and society,
recognizing the strengths that exist in all
culture
◦ Social workers should have a knowledge base of
their client’s cultures and able to demonstrate
competence in the provision of services that are
sensitive to client’s culture and to differences among
people and cultural group.
◦ Social works should obtain education about and seek
to understand that nature of social diversity and
oppression with respect to raise, ethnicity, national
origin, color, sex, sexual orientation, age, marital
status, political belief, religion and mental or
physical disability
Other relevant concepts
◦ Policy/policies
- Standing plan
- Definite course of action ..to guide and determine present and
future decisions
- Purposive course of action followed by an actor or set of actors in
dealing with a problem or matter of concern
…Policy
- A rule for action, manifesting or clarifying specific organizational goals,
objectives, values, or ideals and often prescribing the obligatory or most
desirable ways and means for accomplishing these;
- Established for the purpose of framing, guiding, directing organizational
activities including decision-making, intends to provide relative stability,
consistency, uniformity, and continuity in the operation of the organization.
◦ Social Policy
- decision, made by the public or governmental,
authorities, regarding the assignment and allocation
of resources, rights, and responsibilities and
expressed in laws and governmental regulations
◦ Social services
- Refers to the programs, services and other activities provided under
various auspices, to concretely answer the needs and problems of
the members of the society.
- May take the form of services to individuals and families, services
to groups, services to people with special problem as well as
community services.
◦ Social Welfare
- Covers practically everything that men do for the good of society
Gertrude Wilson:
- An organized activity of social services and institutions designed to
aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life and
health.
… social welfare
Elizabeth Wickenden:
- Includes those laws, programs, benefits and services
which assure or strengthen provisions for meeting social
needs recognized as basic to the well-being of the
population and the better functioning of the social order.
… social welfare
Pre-conference Working Committee for the XVth International Conference on
social welfare:
- The organized social arrangements which have as their direct and primary
objective the well-being of people in a social context.
- Includes broad range of policies and services which are concerned with various
aspects of people’s lives – their income, security, health, housing, education,
recreation, cultural traditions, etc.
Social services
◦ Refers to programs and services and other activities
provided under various auspices, to concretely answer the
needs and problems of the members of society.
◦ May take in the form of services to individuals, families,
groups, and services to people with special problems as
well as community.
Different Social Welfare Perspectives
NEOLIBERAL SOCIAL WELFARE
Liberalism
- The philosophy that supports government
involvement in the social, political and economic
structure so that all people’s rights and privileges are
protected in the name of social justice.
…Liberalism
- It is the society’s responsibility to care for and support its members
- Failure to succeed generally is due to complex, unfair stresses and
problems in the environment
- It is government’s responsibility to support its citizens and help
them cope with the stresses and problems in the environment
NEOLIBERAL SOCIAL WELFARE
Neoliberalism
- In theory, is essentially about making trade between nations easier
- It is about freer movement of goods, resources and enterprise in a
bid to always find cheaper resources to maximize profits and
efficiency
Residual Perspective
- Conceives social welfare as focusing on problems
and gaps, with social welfare benefits and services
supplied only when people fail to provide adequately
for themselves and problems arise
- Social welfare function to help people those in immediate need of
assistance.
Example:
The victims of natural and man-made disaster (typhoons,
earthquakes and war). In the Philippines this is important as there are
about 20 typhoons that affect the country every. This is also
undertaken for the poor people in hospitals, in need of financial
assistance for medical treatment. There is a social service department
in all government and in some private hospitals in the Philippines.
-reactive, solving problems only after they
occur
-Respond to problems caused by individual
personal failure
Institutional Perspective
- Conceives social welfare as the responsibility of the government
- Social welfare policies and programs should provide on-going
support to all people in need
- SWPPS relieve existing tensions and help solve problems
distressing people in their environment
Transformative
- Changing systems and structures of
government and society towards the
improvement of quality of life of the people
Developmental
- Covers all the functions of social welfare (residual, rehabilitative,
preventive, transformative) to provide opportunity for people to
make full use of their human and personal resources for the
liberation from poverty and empowerment.
- Examples: Livelihood and entrepreneurial activities, community
organizing, cooperatives, and family planning
Rehabilitative
- Restore the social functioning of people
- Include services to people who are victims of natural calamities in
need of help to go back to normal life.
- This function is also very much related to the social services for the
handicapped, people with drug and alcohol problems, victims of
domestic violence, child abuse, street children among others.
Preventive
- Social welfare function to avoid the ill-consequences of deprivation and
poverty
- Day care services are meant to help children develop and use their capacities
and avoid the consequence of malnutrition and poor environment.
- Services to OSY prepare them for a normal adult life
- Family welfare intends to improve and strengthen relationships for better
social functioning of family members
OVERVIEW OF THE GENERIC
POLICY FORMULATION
Policy
 a verbal or written or implied expression of
an agency purpose that provides the guideline
for execution action.
 a stated course of action adopted and
followed by the agency in doing its work.
Social Policy
 standing plans
 a guide for a settled course of action composed or consisting of
collective decisions directly concerned with promoting the well-
being of all part of the population.
 translated into programs and services thus, becoming the
instruments by which goals are achieved.
 decisions, made by public/governmental authorities, regarding the
assignment and allocation of resources, rights and responsibilities
and expressed in laws and governmental regulations.
Policy Formulation
 before planning and organizing welfare
services, the objectives of a service must be
kept in mind. In other words, all welfare
services are to be planned and organized
according to the policy of the agency
responsible for a particular service.
Policy Formulation
 therefore, the planning process is closely related to
policy. In order to achieve, services are organized on
a particular pattern for a group of people on certain
cost for achieving certain objectives, those
responsible for planning and implementing services
should not only understand but also associate
themselves with policy making.
Policy Formulation
 a process of developing guidelines for an
agreed course of action – a process by which
statements of intention adopted by the board or
policy-making body are for the implementation
by the management and staff to achieve agency
goals.
Phases of Policy Formulation
 the development of effective and acceptable
courses of action for addressing what has been
placed on the policy agenda.
2 parts to this definition of policy formulation:
I. Effective formulation
II. Acceptable formulation
◦ I. Effective formulation
 means that the policy proposed is regarded as a valid,
efficient, and implementable solution to the issue at hand.
 if the policy is seen as ineffective or unworkable in
practice, there is no legitimate reason to propose it. Policy
analysis try to identify effective alternatives. – analytical
phase of policy formulation.
◦ II. Acceptable formulation
 means that the proposed course of action is likely to be
authorized by the legitimate decision makers, usually through
majority-building in bargaining process.
 that is, must be politically feasible. If the policy is likely to
be rejected by the decision making body, it may be
impractical to suggest it. This is the political phase of policy
formulation.
◦ 2 Aspects:
◦ A. analytical – effective policy alternatives, presumably
based on sound analysis, must be conceived and clearly
articulated.
◦ B. political – a political choice among these alternatives
must be made: the policy must be authorized through a
political process, such as legislation or regulation.
Maintenance, succession
Agenda Setting
termination
Policy formulation
Evaluation
Implementation Legitimization
◦ I. Agenda Setting
 identifying problems that require government attention,
deciding which issues deserve the most attention and
defining the nature of the problem.
II. Policy Formulation
 setting objectives, identifying the cost and estimating the
effect of solutions, choosing from a list of solutions and
selecting policy instruments.
◦ III. Legitimization
 ensuring that the chosen policy instruments have support. It can involve one
or a combination of: legislative approval, executive approval, seeking consent
through consultation with interests groups and referenda.
IV. Implementation
 establishing or employing an organization to take responsibility for
implantation, ensuring that the organization has the resources (staffing, money
and legal authority) to do so, and making sure that the policy decisions are
carried out as planned.
IV. Evaluation
 assessing the extent to which the policy was successful or
the policy decision was the correct one; if it was
implemented correctly and, if so, had the desired effect.
V. Policy maintenance, succession or termination
 considering of the policy should be continued, modified
or discontinued.
Dimensions for analyzing policies
EFFECTS
Effectiveness What effects does the policy have on the targeted problem?
Unintended effects What are the unintended effects of this policy?
Equity What are the effects of this policy on different groups?

IMPLEMENTATION
Cost What is the financial cost of this policy?
Feasibility Is the policy technically feasible?
Acceptability Do the relevant policy stakeholders view the policy acceptable?
MODELS OF
POLICY
FORMULATION
◦ Policy making is very complex phenomenon because government
has to accommodate a large number of conflicting demands from
various sections of our society and also can not go against the
law of the land (constitution). However, some of the models of
policy formulation are discussed below:
◦ 1. The institutional/classical model
◦ 2. Group model
◦ 3. Elite theory
◦ 4. Incrementalism
◦ 5. Systems theory
The institutional/classical model
 has been the traditionally

accepted way of looking at policy
formulation in the government.
Also called classical model.
perspective:
◦ (a) It is institutionalism as it has their origin in

governmental institutions and the members of the
public have only a nominal influence over them.
◦ (b) Policies become public only when it is
authoritatively determined by the governmental
institutions.
 Therefore, the institutional/classical model describes in
detail of the constitutional and legal arrangements.
Emphasizing on the analysis of structures from which the
policy emanates.
This policy assumes that the structural changes that often
tried in the government, are done with the aim to bring
about policy change,.
Group model
Valid for pluralistic society.
Pluralistic society – there would be different types
of groups whose interests competes each other.
- As they have mutually contradictory objectives,
they try to gain upper hand in the society to influence
the policy in their favour.
ELITE THEORY
Policy is divided into two sections of population: (elite and
masses)
a. Elite – those who have ‘power’
- Try to dominate the policy and also try to get a position in the
society.
- Connected with both bureaucracy as well as politicians.
- Believes that the public policies do not represent the demand of the
masses but they reflect the values of the elites.
ELITE THEORY
b. Masses – those who do no have ‘power’
- Apathetic towards the policies of the
government.
- Their current status of power is to their
advantages and any changes in the policy are of
incremental nature only for them.
Incrementalism
Public policies are a continuation of the government’s existing
policies with only incremental modifications.
Adopted for certain reasons: uncertainties are bound to arise the
implementation of the new policy and this period of uncertainty
exists during the period when the old policy already existing is at
the end and new policy comes.
- This uncertainty discourages the government from adapting a
new policy due to limitation of time, intelligence and money once
adopts incremental changes only to the existing policy.
Systems theory
Society is composed of various systems (social system,
political system, administrative system, technological
system) which are in turn composed of various sub-systems
(e.g. administrative system is composed of sub-systems like
civil, military, judicial system)
- Policy formulation is done by the both political and
administrative system jointly who receive the inputs in the
form of demands from various sections of the society.
Systems theory
The system processes these demands and given its
output in the form of a policy which is largely
according to the demands of the society and other
systems of the policy.
- The policy formulation is affected by the
environment, prevailing political change, geographical
nature of a country and vast socio-economic
conditions.
LEVELS OF POLICY MAKING
Global: ASEAN, UN
National: Executive, Congress &
Judicial
Local: LGU/devolution
Levels of Policy Making
A. GLOBAL: (ASEAN, UN)
◦ ASEAN:
 a regional organization comprising 10 Southeast Asian states which
promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates integration among
its members.
 formed on August 8, 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore and Thailand.
 organization’s membership has expanded to include Brunei, Cambodia,
Lao, Myanmar and Vietnam
A. GLOBAL: (ASEAN, UN)
◦ Principal Aim: accelerating economic growth,
social progress and socio-cultural evolution
among its members, alongside the protection of
regional stability and the provision of a mechanism
for member countries to resolve differences
peacefully.
Purposes of ASEAN:
1. to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in the region.
2. to promote regional peace and stability.
3. to promote collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest.
4. to provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities.
5. to promote Southeast Asian studies.
6. to maintain close, beneficial cooperation with existing international organizations with
similar aims and purposes.
ASEAN remains committed to intensifying economic cooperation with 5
GOALS (adopted the ASEAN Community Vision 2025 “Forging Ahead
Together”)
1. a deeply integrated and highly cohesive regional economy.
2. a competitive, innovative and dynamics community that sustains high
economic growth and robust productivity.
3. enhanced connectivity and sectoral cooperation.
4. a more resilient and inclusive community that engenders equitable
development and inclusive growth and
5. a global ASEAN that fosters a more systematic and coherent approach in
external economic relations
B. National: LEGISLATURE:
◦ Body of persons, usually elective, empowered to make, change, or repeal the laws of a country or
state.
◦ Has the essential function of determining and prescribing general rules for the government of
society.
◦ Through laws, the legislature defines the rights and duties of citizens, imposes taxes, appropriate
funds, defines crimes and prescribes their punishment, creates and abolishes government offices
and .
◦ In general, through laws, the legislature regulates human conduct and the use of property for the
promotion of the common good and general welfare of the people in a society.
*Batasang Pambansa- the national legislative body of the Republic of the Philippines consisting of
the House of Representatives and the senate.
Functions of legislature:
◦ Legislature power is provided by the constitution. This is
the sovereign authority to enact laws, amend existing ones
to suit to existing and changing conditions, and repeal laws
that are no longer useful and responsive to the needs of the
nation.
◦ Law making is the primary function of the legislature.
◦ Legislatures are deliberate bodies composed of men representing

various interest and points of view, and different regional sections
of the country. There is no ideal number of legislators that will
constitute this legislative body, but it depends upon the needs and
conditions of the political community.
◦ Today, the Philippine legislature is composed of 275 members (250
in the House of Representatives and 24 in the senate) * reference:
Zulueta, Fransisco M.,2011
Difference between the Two Houses

Members of the upper house are elected by the people in a nation-wide election.
Age of qualification for membership in the lower house and the upper house. The
age requirement for the members of the upper house is relatively higher than the
age qualification for the members of the lower house.
In the Philippines, the minimum age limit for the upper and lower houses are 35
years and 25 years, respectively.
Senators are elected for term of 6 years while the Representatives are elected for
a term of 3 years.
Bill – the draft of a law submitted to the consideration of a legislative body for
its adoption. Before a bill becomes a law, certain steps must be satisfied.
Any member of either house can present a

1st Reading proposed bill. The 1st reading, the principal
author of the bill may propose additional
After the 1st reading, the author. The bill contains its number, title and
bill is referred to the names of author.
proper
committee/committees for The bill is referred to the
study. If disapproved in appropriate committee
the committee, the bill dies
a natural death.
If the committee’s evaluation of the bill is
favourable, it is forwarded to the committee on
2nd Reading rules so that it can be calendared for
A general debate follows after the deliberation on 2nd reading. The bill is read for
2nd reading and amendments may the 2nd time in its entirety. During the 2 nd
be proposed by any member of the reading, the presiding officer of the legislative
congress. Amendments are done in assembly calls on the sponsor of the bill to
defend the measure on the floor.
accordance with the rules of either Debates
House.
When the bill is approved on the 2 nd Printing and
reading, the bill is printed in the distribution
final form and copies are distributed
among the members of the House 3 The last reading of a bill where only its title
days before its passage, except bills is read. No amendment is allowed and the
certified by the Chief executive.
3rd Reading votes are entered in the journal. A member
may abstain. As a rule, a majority of the
members constituting a quorum can pass a
bill.
If the bill is approved, it
The bill is referred to the
is referred to the other
House where the same other House
procedure is observed. A bill approved on the 3rd reading both
Houses is printed in form and transmitted
to the president for appropriate action—
The bill is forwarded to the approved or disapproved. If the president
President does not communicate his VETO of whom
to the House where it originated within 30
days from receipt, it shall become a law
even if he did not sign it. Bills that are re-
passed by congress or the veto of the Chief
Executive automatically becomes a LAW
VETO
◦ Means “I deny” or “I forbid”.
◦ It is the power vested in the president to disapprove acts enacted by the legislature.
◦ The veto message of the president to the members of the House where the bill originated
explains his comments and objections to the bill.
◦ The fundamental reason why the president has the power to veto certain bills is to enable the
executive department to protect its integrity and to maintain an equilibrium of government
powers, and to provide a safeguard on hasty or ill-considered legislation.
B. National: EXECUTIVE
o Branch of government which gives effect to the will of the state.
Nature of Executive Department
Broadest sense:
◦ Embraces all agencies of the government which are primarily concerned with the execution of
the laws of the land.
◦ Includes the Chief Executive, the heads of the executive departments/ministries, and the
whole body of subordinate officials in the entire body of civil service system.
◦ Includes even the officials of the judiciary, for they are also concerned with the administration
of law.
Tenure of office
◦ Tenure of office of the executive that are elected varies in different countries.
◦ In the Philippines, the tenure of office of the president is 6 years.
◦ The president may be removed from office by the congress through
impeachment.
◦ A vacancy in the office of the president arises in case of permanent disability,
death or resignation of the president.
Qualifications of the president of the Republic of the Philippines

1. He must be a natural born citizen of the Philippines
2. He must be a registered voter
3. He must be able to read and write
4. He must be at least 40 years of age on the day of the election
Personal removal from the office

1. Ousting or deposition by means of revolution or coup d’ etat
2. Impeachment
3. Voluntary resignation
◦ President Syngman Rhee (South Korea) – deposed by an uprising led by students in 1961
◦ President Ngo Dinh Diem (South Vietnam) – ousted in 1963 by a military coup
◦ President Sukarto (Indonesia) – deposed in 1965 by the anti-communist troops and students
◦ President Ferdinand E. Marcos – ousted by the People Power Revolution in 1986
Functions and Powers:

Fundamental function of the chief executive:
◦ Ensure that the laws of the land are faithfully executed.
◦ Becomes his mandatory responsibility to supervise and
direct the administration of the laws, regardless of his
personal opinion about their wisdom or validity.
1) Executive function/power
Primary function is to enforce the laws.
◦ To see that all laws are lawfully implemented.
◦ More of a duty than a power to be discharged by him
personally and through his subordinates under his control.
◦ The formal oath-taking of the president marks the formal
induction into office.
2) Legislative function/power
Executive is not just logically a part of the law-making body of the government; however, the
executive shares at least indirectly in the process of law-making.
His participation in law-making is through his:
◦ regular messages to the legislature in which from time to time he calls the attention of the
lawmaker about the problems of the state
◦ initiation and recommendations of legislative measures and programs for the welfare of the
people
◦ veto power when in his judgment, he does not approve measures that are ill-considered and in
effect, not suitable to be part of the laws of the land
3) Administrative function/power
◦ The chief executive, as the head of the government, is the supreme administrative
officer of the state; and therefore all subordinate officials are appointed by him.
4) The diplomatic power
◦ All states are to entrust the executive authority to conduct the international
relations of the state.
◦ He is authorized to negotiate treaties and other international agreements with
other states, to appoint diplomatic ministers to represent the state in capital of
another, and to receive those sent to the state by another state.
5) Power of appointment and removal

◦ The power to appoint is inherently of an executive nature and is vested in the executive
office subject to limitations prescribed by the constitution.
◦ The power to appoint implies the power to supervise and control, and even to remove
officials who are not performing their duties and responsibilities as expected of them.
6) The military power
◦ The military power of the state is vested in the chief executive.
◦ This power includes the authority to command the army and the navy and other military
forces of the state and to direct their military operatives
7) The pardoning power

◦ A pardon is a power of the chief executive to grant freedom to persons convicted of crimes involving
a criminal offense.
◦ A reprieve is a power of the president to postpone the execution of a death sentence.
◦ A commutation is the executive’s prerogative to reduce the sentence to a lesser punishment, as from
death to life imprisonment.
8) Immunity from suit
◦ During his tenure of office, the president may not be sued in any civil or criminal case for it will
degrade the dignity of the high office of the president who is the head of the state.
◦ This is an accepted doctrine of constitutional law.
B. National: JUDICIARY
◦ One of the most important organs of the government which is charged with the interpretation
and application of the laws of the state resulting from conflicts.
◦ This organ has the task of deciding disputed points of law, of protecting the rights of the
individuals under the laws, of determining infractions of laws, and imposing corresponding
penalties.
Primary functions of the judiciary
◦ Apply the laws to disputes concerning legally recognized rights/duties between the state and
private persons, or between individual litigants in cases properly brought before judicial
tribunals.
c. Local: LGU
Local Government Unit
◦ Refers to the political subdivision of a state which is constituted by law and
has substantial control of local affairs, with officials elected or otherwise
locally selected.
◦ Are the governments that citizens can quite literally get in touch with.
◦ Considered political bodies corporate for the administration of the affairs of
the community within their territorial boundaries.
LGU
◦ Agents of the state, and exercise by delegation a part of the sovereignty of the state, such as the imposition
and collection of taxes, preservation of peace and order, the maintenance of schools, markets and
cemeteries, and the beautification of town, plazas, and streets.
◦ Existence is necessary in order to facilitate government programs, projects and activities.
◦ The present local governmental system of the Philippines constitutes the local units such as provinces,
cities, municipalities and barangays.
◦ The Local Government Code of 1991 was authored by Sen. Aquilino “Nene” Pimentel – a landmark
legislation, because it contains provisions designed to bring about effective decentralization of powers and
functions that will foster meaningful experience among the LGUs.
◦ Decentralization – the process of breaking up the concentration of power in the central government and
allocating some portion of that power to the provincial and local units.
The Local Government System and Changes Brought about by

the 1991 Local Government Code: 5 Features
1. The Code devolves or transfers the responsibility for the delivery
of various aspects of basic services to local governments. The most
significant devolved services include: health, agriculture,
environment and natural resources, social services, and public works
funded by local funds. Some services in the area of education,
tourism, telecommunications services, and housing projects were
also devolved.
The Local Government System and Changes Brought about by the 1991
Local Government Code: 5 Features
2. The Code transfers certain regulatory and licensing powers to local
governments. These include reclassification of agricultural lands,
enforcement of environmental laws, inspection of food products and
quarantine, enforcement of the national building code, operations of
tricycles, processing and approval of subdivision plans, and establishment of
cockpits and holding of cockpits.
The Local Government System and Changes Brought about by

the 1991 Local Government Code: 5 Features
3. It increases the financial resources available to LGUs by
broadening their taxing powers, providing them specific share from
the national wealth exploited in the area (e.g. mining, fishery,
forestry) and increasing their automatic share from national taxes.
The Local Government System and Changes Brought about by the 1991 Local Government Code: 5
Features
4. It lays down the policy framework for the direct involvement of civil society, most especially
nongovernment organizations and people’s organizations, in the process of local governance – More
specifically, this is done through the following:
◦ Sectoral representation in local legislative councils, in particular representing women, workers, and other
sectors as determined by the specific sanggunian.
◦ Allocation of specific seats for NGO and PO representatives in local special bodies like the local
development council, the local health board, and the local school board.
◦ Participation in political exercises like plebiscite, referendum and recall.
◦ Involvement in the planning and implementation of development programs.
RA 7160 – 1991 Local Government Code

◦ Transformed fundamentally central-local relations and probably the
most radical law to date that strengthens the powers of local
governments but also increases the latter’s responsibilities and
encourages the participation of communities and organizations in local
governance.
Devolution
◦ Political decentralization; transfer of powers from the national
government to local government units.
Funding Social Policies: Sources & Process of
Budgeting (Phil. Experience)
BASIC CONCEPTS IN BUDGETING
1. What is a fund?
The word "fund" in government has taken several meanings or
connotations.
It is sometimes used to refer an appropriation which is a legislative
authorization to spend or an allotment which is an authorization by
the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) to obligate, or
as actual cash available.
2. What basis law governs the use of government funds?
The following provision of the Philippines Constitution sets the basic rule for the use
of government funds:
"Art. VI, Sec. 29. No money shall be paid by the Treasury except in pursuance of an
appropriation made by law.“
The aforequoted provision of the Constitution also establishes the need for all
government entities to undergo the budgeting process to secure funds for use in
carrying out their mandated functions, programs and activities.
3. How are government funds appropriated?
Agencies justify details of their proposed

Individual agencies prepare their budgets before DBM technical review panels
estimates of expenditures or proposed
budgets for the succeeding year and
submit these estimates or proposals
contained in required budget forms to DBM reviews and consolidates proposed
the DBM following baseline figures, budgets of all agencies for inclusion in the
guidelines and timetable President's proposed budget for submission
earlier set to
Congress
The President signs the

General Appropriation Bill into law or what Agencies explain the details of their proposed
is known as the General budgets in separate hearings called by the House
Appropriations Act (GAA). of Representatives and the Senate for inclusion in
the General Appropriation Bill
4. What is a government budget?
In general, a government budget is the financial plan of a government for a
given period, usually for a fiscal year, which shows what its resources are, and
how they will be generated and used over the fiscal period. The budget is the
government's key instrument for promoting its socio-economic objectives.
The government budget also refers to the income, expenditures and sources of
borrowings of the National Government (NG) that are used to achieve national
objectives, strategies and programs.
Section 22, Article VII of the Constitution states that:
"The President shall submit to the Congress within 30 days
from the opening of every regular session, as the basis of
the general appropriation bill (GAB), a budget of
expenditures and sources of financing including receipts
from existing and proposed revenue measures."
5. What is the expenditure program?
The expenditure program is that portion of the national
budget that refers to the current operating expenditures and
capital outlays necessary for the operation of the programs,
projects and activities of the various government
departments and agencies.
6. What is referred to by the term "national government budget"?
The National Government budget (also known simply as the budget) refers to
the totality of the budgets of various departments of the national government
including the NG support to Local Government Units (LGUs) and
Government- Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs).
It is what the national government plans to spend for its programs and
projects, and the sources of what it projects to have as funds, either from
revenues or from borrowings with which to finance such expenditures.
7. On what is the national government budget spent?
The national budget is allocated for the implementation of various
government programs and projects, the operation of government
offices, payment of salaries of government employees, and payment
of public debts. These expenditures are classified by expense class,
sector and implementing unit of government.
8. Why does the government prepare a new budget every year?
The preparation of the government's budget every year is in accordance with the
provision of the Constitution which requires the President to submit a budget of
expenditure and sources of financing within 30 days from the opening of every
regular session of Congress.
The yearly preparation of the budget is also in consonance with the principle which
requires all government spending to be justified anew each year. This principle
ensures that government entities continuously evaluate and review the allocation of
resources to project/activities for cost efficiency and effectiveness.
THE BUDGETING PROCESS
1. What is government budgeting?
Government budgeting is the critical exercise of allocating
revenues and borrowed funds to attain the economic and social
goals of the country.
It also entails the management of government expenditures in such
a way that will create the most economic impact from the
production and delivery of goods and services while supporting a
healthy fiscal position.
2. Why is government budgeting important?
Government budgeting is important because it enables the government
to plan and manage its financial resources to support the implementation
of various programs and projects that best promote the development of
the country.
Through the budget, the government can prioritize and put into action
its plants, programs and policies within the constraints of its financial
capability as dictated by economic conditions.
3. What are the major processes involved in national government
budgeting?
Budget Budget
preparation authorization
accountability Budget
execution
4. How does the budget become a law?
1. President submits his/her proposed annual

budget in the form of Budget of Expenditure
and Sources of Financing (BESF) supported 2. In Congress, the proposed budget
by details of proposed expenditures in the goes first to the House of
form of a National Expenditure Program Representatives, which assigns the
(NEP) and the President's Budget Message task of initial budget review to its
which summarizes the budget policy thrusts
Appropriation Committee.
and priorities for the
year.
`
3. The Appropriation Committee together 4. While budget hearings are on-going in
with the other House Sub-Committee the House of Representatives, the Senate
conduct hearings on the budgets of Finance Committee, through its different
departments/agencies and scrutinize their subcommittees also starts to conduct its
respective programs/projects. own review and scrutiny of the proposed
- Consequently, the amended budget budget and proposes amendments to the
proposal is presented to the House body House Budget Bill to the Senate body for
as the General Appropriations Bill. approval.
5. To thresh out differences and arrive at a common version of the General

Appropriations Bill, the House and the Senate creates a Bicameral
Conference Committee that finalizes the General Appropriations Bill.
5. What is the General Appropriations Act?
The General Appropriations Act (GAA) is the legislative
authorization that contains the new appropriations in terms of
specific amounts for salaries, wages and other personnel benefits;
maintenance and other operating expenses; and capital outlays
authorized to be spent for the implementation of various
programs/projects and activities of all departments, bureaus and
offices of the government for a given year.
6. How is the budget implemented?
Budget implementation starts with the release of funds to the agencies. To
accelerate the implementation of government programs and projects and
ensure the judicious use of budgeted government funds, the government
adopted the Simplified Fund Release System (SFRS) beginning 1995.
SFRS is a policy-driven system which standardized the release of funds across
agencies which are similarly situated in line with specific policy initiatives of
the government.

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COURSE TITLE: SOCIAL WELFARE POLICIES,

PROGRAMS AND SERVICES

Social Work is practice-based profession and an academic discipline that

“a profession which promotes social change, problem solving in

 practice-based profession  Profession

social work methods

Who are they?

1.Stakeholders are the recipient of policy.

3. Stakeholders are the ticket of policy makers to stay in office.

giving everyone what they need treating everyone the same

◦Rights-based approaches aim at

 Primary duty-bearers – e.g. parents for children, teachers for

◦ Tertiary duty-bearers – e.g. institutions and organisations

 Needs are associated  Rights are associated

 Based on assessed  Based on established

 Needs may or may not be met;  Rights are enforceable and

 Needs are subjective and  Rights are universal; they

 Needs are defined by the  Rights are fulfilled because

 Considers finding more  Considers the redistribution of

 Keeps away from politics and  Politics is at the very heart of

individually  Rights are non-negotiable and indivisible

 Putting needy people in an  Helping people to restore their

 Has a tendency to care for  Has a tendency to work more

collection of services provided by the state or other

Equity What are the effects of this policy on different groups?

 has been the traditionally

◦ (a) It is institutionalism as it has their origin in

◦ Legislatures are deliberate bodies composed of men representing

Difference between the Two Houses

Any member of either house can present a

Qualifications of the president of the Republic of the Philippines

Personal removal from the office

Functions and Powers:

5) Power of appointment and removal

7) The pardoning power

The Local Government System and Changes Brought about by

The Local Government System and Changes Brought about by

RA 7160 – 1991 Local Government Code

Agencies justify details of their proposed

The President signs the

1. President submits his/her proposed annual

5. To thresh out differences and arrive at a common version of the General

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