LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Discuss the history of medical technology in a global

context
• Identify the important personalities that played significant
roles in the process of medical technology profession
• Cite inventions and innovations in the medical technology
field
 Overview:
• Medical Technology
• Also known as Medical Laboratory Science/Laboratory
Introduction Medicine
to Medical
• Refers to application of diagnosis, preventive, and
Technology therapeutic medicine to monitor and improve the
management of health condition.
• Involved in the use of technology as a means to
evaluate the status of a person’s health
• Enables a medical team to deliver quality healthcare
through the performance of different laboratory-
controlled procedures
 • Ruth Heinemann (1963)
o MT refers to the application of principles of natural
Scientists physical and biological sciences to the performance of
that have laboratory procedures which aid the diagnosis and
provided treatment of diseases
definitions
of Medical • Anna Fagelson (1961)
Technology: o MT refers to a branch of medicine concerned with the
performance of laboratory determinations and analysis used
in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the
maintenance of health.
o (Nice to know) strongly confirmed the beginnings of MT
from the 11th century when she correlated the death of
Alessandra Gillani to a laboratory-acquired infection
 Walters (1996)
Scientists o MT refers to a health profession concerned with performing
that have laboratory analysis in view of obtaining information necessary in
the diagnosis and treatment of disease as well as in the
provided maintenance of good health
definitions
of Medical RA 5527 sec. 2
o MT refers to an auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which
Technology:
deals with the examination by various chemical and microscopic
which aids the physician in the diagnosis, study, and treatment of
disease and in the promotion of health in general.
 • Ebers Papyrus
o 1st accounted records of
History of parasites and parasitic
Medical infections
Technology o Oldest preserved Egyptian
in a Global compilation of medical texts
Context o Written in about 1500BC
(Thought to be copied from
3400BC)
o It is a 110-page long scroll
which measures 20m long
o Contains chapters on
contraception, pregnancy, eye
and skin problems, surgery,
burns, and intestinal dss.
 • 1550BC
o Vivian Herrick - determined that intestinal parasitic infection was caused
History of by Ascaris lumbricoides & taenia sp.
Medical o Anenzoa – an Arabian physician, proved that the etiological agent of skin
dss. such as scabies are parasites
Technology
in a Global • 300BC
Context o Hippocrates – Greek physician; “Father of Medicine” and author of the
Hippocratic oath; advocated the use of “mind and senses” as a diagnostic
tool; described the 4 Humors or body fluids (Blood, Phlegm, Black bile
and Yellow bile); associated that appearance of bubbles on the surface of
urine was due to kidney disease and chronic illness.
o Galen – Greek physician and philosopher; instigated a rudimentary and
qualitative assessment of disorder through measurement of body fluids in
relation to seasons; described diabetes as “diarrhea of urine”; established
relationship between fluid intake and urine volume
 The 4 Humors

• Yellow bile – choleric humor;

History of spleen (site of production); Hot and
Medical dry (observable qualities)
Technology
in a Global • Black bile – melancholic humor;
gallbladder (site of production);
Context Cold and dry (observable qualities)

• Phlegm – phlegmatic humor; lungs

(site of production); Cold and
moist (observable qualities)

• Blood – Sanguine humor; Liver

(site of production); Hot and moist
(observable qualities)
 • 50AD
History of o Rufus of Ephesus – made the 1st description of
Medical hematuria – presence of blood in urine; attributed that
hematuria was due to the inability of kidney to filter
Technology blood
in a Global
Context • 900AD
o Isaac Judaeus - a Jewish physician and philosopher;
wrote the book Kitab al Baul (Book of Urine) – 1st book
detailing the characteristics of urine; considered one of
the founders of the origins of nephrology
 Urine
History of o Oldest known test on
Medical body fluids was done
Technology
in a Global
o Physicians made
Context diagnoses by pouring
urine on the ground and
observing whether the
urine attracted ants
 • Mid 1500s • Mid 1600s
o Aniline dyes – used in staining o Athanasius Kircher – Jesuit priest; one of
microorganisms the earliest microscopists who observed
History of o making bacterial staining and that the blood of patients with plagues
contained “worms”
Medical microscopic study on bacteria
possible • 1628-1694
Technology o Marcello Malpighi – Italian microscopist
in a Global • 1590s who served as a physician to Pope
Innocent XII; renowned for his exploration
o Zacharias Janssen and his father
Context Hans – invented the microscope
of the embryology of chick; founding
father of modern Anatomic pathology
which opened the door to the world of
the invisible • 1632-1723
o Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – provided the
new improved compound microscope;
Father of Microscopy and Microbiology
 • Late 17th Century • 1847
o Frederick Dekkers – observed o Rudolph Virchow - founded
History of that protein in the urine the archives of pathology in
Medical precipitated when boiled with Berlin
Acetic acid; his findings is a
• 1848
Technology useful diagnostic indicator of
o Herman Fehling – performed
proteinuria
in a Global the 1st quantitative test in urine
sugar
Context • 18th century
• 1854
o William Hewson – English
o John Snow – studied the
physiologist; discovered that when
Cholera outbreak in London;
the blood specimen was clotted, a
due to contaminated water
plasma could be separated from
the blood, he describes it as
“coagulable lymph” which is
known as fibrinogen today
 • 1861 • Pasteurization – recommended for milk
o Louis Pasteur – and dairy products
History of discovered concepts of o 2 types:
Medical aerobic and anaerobic  Batch Pasteurization
bacteria - Low temperature holding
Technology
• 1867 - 63 degrees Celsius for
in a Global o Louis Pasteur - 30mins
Context discovered partial heat
sterilization which  Flash Pasteurization
prevented wine spoiling - High temperature short time
due to microbes
- 72 degrees Celsius for 15
• 1881 seconds
o Louis Pasteur -
developed a vaccine
against Anthrax
 19th Century (Era of Public Health)
History of
Medical • Water treatment and milk pasteurization were initiated
Technology which remarkably decreased mortality rates in the
in a Global population
Context
• Medical practitioners relied more on the improvement of
hygiene rather than the utilization of drugs

• Physicians began using machines for diagnosis or

therapeutics
 19th Century (Era of Public Health) cont
History of o Devices that emerged in this era:
Medical Spirometer
Technology -Built by John Hutchinson
in a Global -Used for measuring vital capacity
Context of the lungs

Sphygmomanometer
-Invented by Jules Herisson
-Used to measure blood pressure
History of
Medical
Technology
in a Global
Context
History of
Medical
Technology
in a Global
Context
History of
Medical
Technology
in a Global
Context
 Early 20th Century
History of
Medical
• Improvements in basic sciences and integration of
Technology scientific and technological discoveries marked the
in a Global advances in medical technology
Context
• Further integration of technology with science ushered in
new medical advancements such as:
o Electron microscope
o MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)
o Prosthetic devices
 • 1844 - Dr. Silas Douglas established the 1st Chemical
laboratory in USA at the University of Michigan; largest and
History of best equipped chemical laboratory opened to student
Medical
Technology • 1878 – Dr. William H. Welch established a laboratory at the
in the US Bellevue Hospital Medical College; he gave the 1st laboratory
course in Pathology offered in American Medical School

• 1885 – Dr. Welch became the 1st professor of Pathology at John

Hopkins University

• Dr. Simon Flexner – 1st Pathologist of John Hopkins Hospital

 o 1895 – University of Pennsylvania’s William Pepper
Laboratory of Clinical Medicine was opened to highlight
History of the service role of clinical laboratories
Medical
Technology o 1896 – 1st Clinical Laboratory opened at John Hopkins
in the US University by Dr. William Osler

o 1908 – Dr. James C. Todd wrote the book: Clinical

Diagnosis: a manual of Laboratory methods, this book
described the techniques and procedures of the
laboratory tests available then. CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS
AND MANAGEMENT BY LABORATORY METHODS
 o 1918 – Kolmer published The Demand for and Training of Laboratory
Technicians that included a description of the 1 st formal training course
in MT; It was also the same year that when the state of legislature of
History of Pennsylvania enacted a law requiring all hospitals and institutions to
Medical have a fully-equipped laboratory fit for routine testing and to employ a
full-time laboratory technician
Technology
in the US
o 1920 – administrative units of clinical laboratories in large hospitals
were directed by a chief physician; during this time the Clinical
laboratory consisted of 4 to 5 divisions:
Clinical Pathology
Bacteriology
Microbiology
Serology
Radiology
 o American Society of Clinical Pathology (ASCP)
- Founded on 1922
History of - With its objective of encouraging the cooperation between
Medical physicians and clinical pathologists as well as maintaining the
Technology status of clinical pathologists
- Established the code of ethics for technicians and technologists
in the US stating that these allied health professionals should work under
the supervision of a physician and refrain from making oral or
written diagnosis and advising physicians on how patients
should be treated
o American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science
- Formerly American Society for Medical Technologists (1939)
- A subgroup of ASCP; helped in the recognition of nonphysician
clinical laboratory scientists as autonomous professionals
 o Spanish empire established Manila as their capital in late
16th Century
History of
Medical o Hospital Real – 1st hospital established by Spaniards on
Technology 1565
in the o San Lazaro Hospital - built by the Franciscans for the poor
Philippines and lepers on 1578
o Hospital de San Juan de Dios - founded by the Spaniards
Spaniards
Colonization for the poor on 1596
o Hospital de San Jose - was founded in Cavite on 1641
o University of Santo Tomas (UST) – founded y the
Dominicans on 1611 and established the 1st faculties of
pharmacy and medicine in 1871
 o Journals that were published:
History of Boletin de medicina de Manila (1886)
Medical Revista Farmaceutica de Filipinas (1893)
Technology
in the Cronicas de Ciencias Medicas (1895)
Philippines
Spaniards
Colonization
 o 1883 – establishment of the board of Health and Charity
History of o Laboratorio Municipal de Manila
Medical
– established by the Spanish authorities in
Technology 1887
in the
- for laboratory examinations of food, water,
Philippines and clinical samples
Spaniards
Colonization
- Gen. Antonio Luna, a Philippine war hero
who was employed as a chemical expert in
this laboratory and pioneered water testing,
forensics, and environmental studies.
 o After the fall of Manila, the Spanish Military Hospital was
History of converted into the 1st Reserve Hospital in 1898 by Lt.
Medical Col. Henry Lipincott who was a chief surgeon of the
Technology Division of the Pacific and 8th Army Corps.
in the
Philippines o Richard P. Strong became its successor and utilized the
American laboratory to perform autopsies and examine blood, feces,
Colonization and urine along with other laboratory services
 oBureau of Government Laboratories
History of – established by the US govt. through the Philippine
Medical Commission on 1901 under the Philippine
Technology Commission Act NO. 156
in the - Located in Calle Herran, Ermita, Manila
Philippines - Its compositions:
American - Science/Biology library – designed to address and
Colonization develop methods in the dx. tx. And prevention of human
and animal disease
- Chemical laboratory – investigated food, plant
composition and mineral
- Main laboratory – general laboratory work is done
 o Bureau of Science
History of – established in 1905 for medical officers who
Medical sought a career in laboratory research
Technology - worked with the Army Board for the study of
in the the Tropical Diseases
Philippines - worked closely with the Philippine General
American Hospital (PGH) and the University of the Philippines
Colonization (UP)
- became an active center for scientific
research and instruction in the country
 o June 1927
History of University of the Philippines’ College of Public Health
Medical formally opened its Certificate in Public Health Program
Technology With its aim to provide proper training to the Philippine
Health Service’s medical officers
in the
Philippines o December 8, 1941
American Japan attacked the whole of Manila through serial assault and
Colonization deployment of troops just 10 hours after bombing Pearl Harbor
It was the beginning of WW2 that resulted in massive
casualties.
 o Medical Technology practice was introduced by the 26th
History of Medical infantry of the 6th US army
Medical o Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila – where the 1st Clinical
Technology laboratory in the Philippines was built; now known as the
in the Manila Public Health Laboratory
Philippines o Dr. Pio De Roda – one of the staffs of the Clinical
Post laboratory; well-known bacteriologist; organized Manila
World War II Public Health Laboratory from the remnants of the
deserted laboratory with Dr. Mariano Icasiano as his
assistant and the Manila City Health officer
 o 1947 – Dr. De Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana
History of offered training of high school graduates to work as
Medical medical technician. No period of training was set and no
Technology certificate was given by that time.
in the o 1954 - Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana prepared the syllabus for
Philippines the training program; a 6-months laboratory training with
certificate upon completion was given to the trainees.
Post
World War II o Philippine Union College and Manila Sanitarium –
offered the 1st BS Degree course in Medical Technology
o 1956 – PUC produced its 1st graduate – Dr. Jesse Umali
(successful OB-Gyne)
 o 1957-1958 – Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes
History of of the faculty of Pharmacy of UST, offered MT as an
Medical elective subject to 4th and 5th year of BS Pharmacy students
Technology o Rev. Fr. Lorenzo Rodriguez – decided to offer MT as a
in the course because of the popularity of the MT among
Philippines pharmacy students.
Post
o June 17, 1957 – temporary permit was issued by the
World War II DepEd, for 1st to 3rd year students
o June 1960 – permit for the internship program was issued
o June 14, 1961 – Full recognition of the 4-year BSMT
course was given
Inventions
and
Innovations
in the Field
of Medical
Laboratory
Inventions
and
Innovations
in the Field
of Medical
Laboratory
Inventions
and
Innovations
in the Field
of Medical
Laboratory
Inventions
and
Innovations
in the Field
of Medical
Laboratory
 1. A laboratory worker/professor in the University of Bologna who
said to have specialized in dissections and to have invented the
technique of injecting colored dye to view the body's blood vessels.

2. What is RA 5527?
Post-Quiz
3. It was edited by John Bernard Henry and was known to be the
“Med-tech bible”

4. Discovered partial heat sterilization which prevented wine from

spoiling due to microbes.
 5-6.. What are the 2 types of pasteurization and their temperatures?

7-10. What are the four humors of the body and their respective
origins?
Post-Quiz