INTRODUCTION TO

MICROPROCESSOR
Presentation By:-
Shuvam Sah, Sonu Sah,
Manish Bharti & Nabin Thakur

BCA Second Semester

Model Multiple College, Janakpurdham-04
 What is a Microprocessor ?
Microprocessor is a controlling unit
of a micro-computer, fabricated on a
small chip capable of performing
(Arithemetic Logical Unit)
operations and communicating with
the other device connected to it.
Microprocessor Consists of an ALU,
Register Array, and a control unit.

Microprocessor
 ALU performs arthimetical and logical operations on the data
received from the memory or an input device. Register array
consists of registers identified by letters like B, C, D, E, H, L and
accumulator (register in which intermediate arthimetic and logic
results are stored). The Control unit controls the flow of data and
instruction within the computer.

Microprocessor
Figure: A Block diagram of a Basic Microcomputer
 How does a Microprocessor Work ?
The microprocessor follows a sequence: Fetch, Decode, &
Execute.
Initially, the instructions are stored in the memory in a sequential
order. The microprocessor fetches those instructions from the
memory, they decodes it and executes those instructions till
STOP instruction is reached. Later, it sends the result in binary
to the output port. Between these processes, the register stores
the temporaily data and ALU performs the computing functions.
 Features of a Microprocessor
Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of any
microprocessor -

a) Cost- effective – The microprocessor chips are

available at low prices and results its low cost.
b) Size – The Microprocessor is small size chip, hence is
portable.
c) Low Power Consumption – Microprocessors are
manufacutured by using metaloxide semi conductor
technology, which has low power consumption.
Microprocessor
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• Versality – The microprocessors are versatile
as we can use the same chip in a number of
applications by configuring the software
program.

• Reliability – The failure rate of

microprocessors is very low, hence it is
reliable.

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Microprocessor
 Advantages of Microprocessor
 Computational / Processing Speed is high
 Intelligence has been brought to systems
 Flexible
 Compact in Size
 Maintenance is easier

Microprocessor
 Application of Microprocessor
• Microcomputer: Microcomputer is the CPU of microcomputer.
• Security Systems: Smarts cameras, CCTV, Smart doors etc.
• Communication Systems:
a. Calculators
b. Accounting System
c. Traffic light control
d. Smart fan. Etc..

Microprocessor
 Microprocessor Architecture &
• ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) – It performs such
Operation:
arithmetic operations as addition and subtraction, and
such logic operations as AND, OR, and XOR. Results
are stored either in registers or in memory.

• Register Array – It consists of various registers

identified by letter such as B, C, D, E, H, L, IX, and IY.
These registers are used to store data and address
temporarily during the execution of a program.
Microprocessor
• Control Unit – The control unit provides the necessary
timing and control signals to all the operations in the
microcomputer. It controls the flow of data between the
microprocessor and memory and peripherals.

• Input – The input section transfers data and instructions

in binary from the outside world to the microprocessor.
It includes such devices as a keyboard, switches, a
scanner, and an analog-to-digital converter.

Microprocessor
• Output – The output section transfers data from the
microprocessor to such output devices as LED, printer,
or another computer.

• Memory – It stores such binary information as

instructions and data, and provides that information to
the microprocessor. To execute programs, the
microprocessor reads instructions and data from
memory and performs the computing operations in its
ALU section. Results are either transferred to the output
section for display or stored in memory for later use.
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• System bus – It is a communication path between the
microprocessor and peripherals. The microprocessor
communicates with only one peripheral at a time. The
timing is provided by the control unit of the
microprocessor.

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Bus Organization of Microcomputer:
Bus is a group of conducting wires which carries
information, all the peripherals are connected to
microprocessor through Bus.
- There are three types of buses.

a) Address bus – It is a group of conducting wires which

carries address only.
Address bus is unidirectional because data flow in one
direction, from microprocessor to memory or from
microprocessor to Input/output devices (That is, Out of
Microprocessor).
b) Data bus –
It is a group of conducting wires which carries Data only. Data bus is
bidirectional
because data flow in both directions, from microprocessor to memory or

c) Control bus –
It is a group of wires, which is used to generate timing and control signals to
control all the associated peripherals, microprocessor uses control bus to
process
data, that is what to do with selected memory location. Some control signals
are:
- Memory read
- Memory write
- I/O read
- I/O Write
Conclusion:

In conclusion, microprocessors are the backbone of

modern technology. They have revolutionized the
way we live, work, and communicate with each
other. From smartphones to supercomputers,
microprocessors power the devices that shape our
world.

Microprocessor
Throughout this presentation, we have explored the
architecture, applications, Advantages of
microprocessors. It is clear that microprocessors will
continue to play a crucial role in shaping the future of
technology.