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LMS Week 5 Cartesian Product Relations and Functions

The document discusses Cartesian products, relations, and functions. It defines Cartesian products as sets of ordered pairs from two or more sets. Relations are subsets of Cartesian products, while functions are relations where each element of the domain corresponds to exactly one element of the range. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts and distinguish between relations and functions.

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85 views33 pages

LMS Week 5 Cartesian Product Relations and Functions

The document discusses Cartesian products, relations, and functions. It defines Cartesian products as sets of ordered pairs from two or more sets. Relations are subsets of Cartesian products, while functions are relations where each element of the domain corresponds to exactly one element of the range. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts and distinguish between relations and functions.

Uploaded by

Pretty Viloria
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATH 1013

MATH 1013
Mathematics
Mathematics in
in the Modern
ModernWorld
World
Week 6
Week
CARTESIAN PRODUCT,
RELATIONS, AND
FUNCTIONS
LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:


1. construct the Cartesian product of two sets or more;
2. define and provide an example of a relation;
3. define and provide examples of a function; and
4. compare and contrast a relation and a function.
I. CARTESIAN PRODUCT,

Given two arbitrary sets A and B, the Cartesian product


A × B is the set of all ordered pairs (x,y) such that x A and y
B.

A × B = {(x, y) │ x A and y B}
EXAMPLE 1

Consider the sets A= {2,4,6} and B= {2, 5}. Write the


cross – product(cartesian product) A × B.

A × B = { (2, 2), (2, 5), (4, 2), (4, 5), (6, 2), (6, 5)}
EXAMPLE 2

Let A = {H, T} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Write the cartesian


product A × B and cartesian product B × A.
A × B = {(H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6), (T, 1),
(T, 2), (T, 3), (T, 4), (T, 5), (T, 6)}
B × A = {(1, H), (2, H), (3, H), (4, H), (5, H), (6, H), (1, T),
(2, T), (3, T), (4, T), (5, T), (6, T)}
A×B≠B×A
The Cartesian product is NOT commutative.
EXAMPLE 3

Consider the sets C= {a,b,c,d} and E= {1, 2}. Write the cross –
product C × E.

C× E = { (a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 1), (d, 1), (a, 2), (b, 2), (c, 2), (d, 2)}
Cartesian Product of more than Two Sets

We can construct the Cartesian product of more than two sets in


a similar manner. Let A1, A2, ..., An be a collection of sets. Then
the Cartesian product of these sets with this prescribed order is
the set of ordered n-tuples:

A1 × A2 × ... × An = {(x1, x2, ..., xn) : xi ∈ Ai for each i = 1,2, ..., n}


EXAMPLE 4

Consider the sets A= {2,3,5}, B= {5} and C= {a, b}. Write the
cross – product A × B × C.

A × B × C = { (2,5,a), (2,5,b), (3,5,a), (3,5,b), (5,5,a), (5,5,b)}


II. RELATION

Given two arbitrary sets A and B, a relation from A


to B is a subset of A × B.
A relation on A is a subset of A × A.
EXAMPLE 5

Consider the sets A= {2,4,6} and B= {2, 5}.

A B = { (2, 2), (2, 5), (4, 2), (4, 5), (6, 2), (6, 5)}

Find the elements of the following relations.


a. Ra= {(x,y) / y > x}
b. Rb= {(x,y) / x > y}
c. Rc= {(x,y) / y = x}
EXAMPLE 5

Consider the sets A= {2,4,6} and B= {2, 5}.


A B = { (2, 2), (2, 5), (4, 2), (4, 5), (6, 2), (6, 5)}

a. Ra= {(x,y) | y > x} = {(2,5), (4,5)}


b. Rb {(x,y) | x > y} = {(4,2), (6,2), (6,5)}
c. Rc= {(x,y) | y = x} = {(2,2)}
III. FUNCTION

CARTESIAN PRODUCT

RELATION

FUNCTION
III. FUNCTION

A function f from X to Y is a relation from X to Y such that


for each ordered pair (x,y), each first coordinate x is paired
to exactly one second coordinate y.

A FUNCTION is a relation in which no two ordered


pairs have the same x – coordinates.
III. FUNCTION

Note: A function is a subset of a


relation. All functions are
relations, but not all relations are
functions.
EXAMPLE 6

Determine if each is a function or a relation.


a. A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)}
b. y = 3x + 5
c. x2 + y2 = 25
d. y > x – 1
EXAMPLE 6

a. A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)}

From the given set of ordered pairs, each x – coordinate


is paired exactly to one y – coordinate.
Hence, A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)} is a FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE 6

b. y = 3x + 5

The given equation is a linear equation whose graph is a


line.
Hence, the linear equation y = 3x + 5 is a FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE 6

The following linear equations are considered functions


1. y = mx + b m is the slope, b is the y - intercept
2. ax + by + c = 0 a, b, c set of real numbers
3. a is the x – intercept, b is the y - intercept
4. y = k k is a constant

Note : x = k where k is a constant is NOT a function


EXAMPLE 6

1. y = 5x + 3 FUNCTION
2. 3x – 5y + 11 = 0 FUNCTION
3. FUNCTION
4. y = 5
FUNCTION
5. x = 5 NOT A
FUNCTION
EXAMPLE 6

c. x2 + y2 = 25

Since this is an equation of a circle, then the given equation is a


RELATION.
EXAMPLE 6

d. y > x – 1
There is more than one possible value of y for each value of x.
Therefore, the inequality y > x – 1 is a RELATION.

An inequality is a RELATION which makes a non-equal


comparison between two numbers or other mathematical
expressions.
EXAMPLE 7

d. y = sinx
Since sin x is a trigonometric function,
Hence, y = sinx is a FUNCTION.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
y = cosx y = csc x y = cot x
y = tanx y = sec x
VERTICAL LINE TEST

The vertical line test is a method that is used to determine


whether a given relation is a function or not.

If a vertical line intersects the graph in all places at exactly one


point, then the relation is a function.
EXAMPLE 1

one point of intersection

Hence, it is a FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE 2

one point of intersection


Hence, it is a FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE 3

one point of intersection

Hence, it is a FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE 4

Two points of
intersection

Hence, it is a RELATION.
EXAMPLE 5

Two points of
intersection

Hence, it is a RELATION.
EXAMPLE 6

one point of intersection

Hence, it is a FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE 7

Too many points


of intersection

Hence, it is a RELATION.
REFERENCES

•Self Check
•ⓐ After completing the exercises, use this
checklist to evaluate your mastery of the
objectives of this section.
REFERENCES

•Self Check
•ⓐ After completing the exercises, use this
checklist to evaluate your mastery of the
objectives of this section.

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