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FM-I Lect 6 and 7

The U-tube differential manometer measures pressure differences between two pipes by balancing the heights of liquids in the left and right limbs. When balanced, the pressure in the left limb equals the pressure in the right limb, allowing the pressure difference between the two pipes to be calculated. For surfaces immersed in fluids, the total pressure is equal to the weight of fluid above the surface. While pressure is uniform on horizontal surfaces, it increases with depth on vertical surfaces. The center of pressure is at the geometric center for horizontal surfaces but lower down for vertical surfaces, located one-third of the height from the bottom.

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61 views11 pages

FM-I Lect 6 and 7

The U-tube differential manometer measures pressure differences between two pipes by balancing the heights of liquids in the left and right limbs. When balanced, the pressure in the left limb equals the pressure in the right limb, allowing the pressure difference between the two pipes to be calculated. For surfaces immersed in fluids, the total pressure is equal to the weight of fluid above the surface. While pressure is uniform on horizontal surfaces, it increases with depth on vertical surfaces. The center of pressure is at the geometric center for horizontal surfaces but lower down for vertical surfaces, located one-third of the height from the bottom.

Uploaded by

Hassan Zahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pressure of fluid

Pressure Measurement
(b) U-tube Differential Manometer:
• It is a manometer used to measure pressure difference b/w two pipes.
• Both the ends of the U-tube are attached to the
two pipes and no end is open to the atm.
• Suppose pipe A is at a lower level than pipe B.
• Two different liquids under different pressures are
flowing through pipes A and B.
• Assume that the pressure of liquid flowing through
pipe A is greater than B
• There is a heavy liquid (Hg) present in the
manometer
Pressure of fluid

Pressure Measurement
(b) U-tube Differential Manometer:
• At balance (when movement of Hg stops), the pressure in left limb is equal to p
in right limb.
pA = pressure in pipe A
pB = pressure in pipe B
p1 = Pressure of liquid in left limb=ρAgZA
p2 = Pressure of liquid in right limb=ρBg(ZB – D)
p3 = Pressure of mercury = ρmgD
Pressure in left limb above YY = pA + p1 = pA + ρAgZA
Pressure in right limb above YY = pB + p2 + p3
Pressure of fluid

Pressure Measurement
(b) U-tube Differential Manometer:
At Balance;
Pressure in left limb above YY = Pressure in right limb above YY
pA + ρAgZA = pB + ρBg(ZB – D) + ρmgD
pA – pB = ρBg(ZB – D) + ρmgD - ρAgZA
Static Forces on Surfaces

Total Pressure
(a) Horizontally Immersed Surfaces:
• On a horizontal surface all the points on any plane are at same depth
from top, so pressure intensity will be uniform all over the surface.
• The center of gravity (G) is at same depth.

p = wH; ;
P = pA; P = wA
Static Forces on Surfaces

Total Pressure
(b) Vertical Immersed Surfaces:
• On a vertical surface pressure intensity increases with depth.
• Consider an irregular surface. Divide the surface into a number of strips.
• Consider a single strip of width ‘b’ and thickness dx.
• Its depth is ‘x’ from top.
Area of strip  a = b.dx
Pressure intensity on a  p = wx
Total pressure on a  Pstrip = pa = (wx)(b.dx)
Total pressure on whole surface area A 
Pstrip = (wx)(b.dx)
Static Forces on Surfaces

Total Pressure
(b) Vertical Immersed Surfaces:

P= w xb.dx …(i)
But, x = perpendicular distance b/w surface
b.dx = Area of surface
xb.dx = distance X area = 1st moment of area about free surface of
water
But, Moment of total area about surface = A = xb.dx … Putting in (i)
So, P = w xb.dx = wA

Conclusion:
The shape and orientation of object doesn’t alter the total pressure (P) on an
Static Forces on Surfaces

Centre of Pressure
• Center of pressure is point of application of resultant pressure p,
denoted by C and is at a distance meters from the top.
• p is not uniform as it varies with depth. p is more intense in lower half as
compared to that in upper half of fluid container.
• So, logically the center of pressure (C) must exists
at the bottom rather than being at geometrical
center (G).
• For vertical surface: >
• C is at a depth of 2/3 of total height from top or
at 1/3 of total height from bottom.
Static Forces on Surfaces

Centre of Pressure
(a) Horizontally Immersed Surfaces:
• All the points on a horizontal surface are at same depth so it has uniform
pressure intensity all over the surface.
• So the center of pressure is same as center of gravity i.e. C = G
• depth of C = depth of G
Static Forces on Surfaces

Centre of Pressure
(b) Vertical Immersed Surfaces:
• On a vertical surface pressure intensity increases with depth.
• Consider an irregular surface. Divide the surface into a number of strips.
• Consider a single strip of width ‘b’ and thickness dx.
• Its depth is ‘x’ from top.
Area of strip  a = b.dx
Pressure intensity on a  p = wx
Total pressure on a  Pstrip = pa = (wx)(b.dx)
Moment of Pstrip about surface = (wxbdx)x
= w(x2bdx)
Static Forces on Surfaces

Centre of Pressure
(b) Vertical Immersed Surfaces:
But, Area X (distance)2 = 2nd moment of area
Moment of total pressure on whole surface about free surface = wx2bdx
But, wx2bdx = 2nd moment of area of whole surface about free
surface.= Moment of inertia = Io
Moment of P = wIo
= gIo ..(1)
Moment of total pressure P on whole surface about free surface = P ..(2)
Equating (1) and (2)
P = gIo
Static Forces on Surfaces

Centre of Pressure
(b) Vertical Immersed Surfaces:
(wA) = gIo
(gA) = gIo
A . = Io
..(3)
= 2nd Moment Of Area / 1st Moment of Area
According to parallel-axis theorem: = IG + A
Putting Io in (3)
= (IG + A ) / A
= IG/A +

So, is lower than by a distance of (IG/A )

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