DATA MANAGEMENT II

Frequency
Distribution
 Definition
A frequency distribution is a tabulation
or grouping of data into appropriate
categories showing the number of
observations in each group or category.
The data shown are the scores of 30 students in Statistics exam. Construct
frequency distribution table with 5 class intervals.
10 11 12 13 13
14 15 15 17 18
18 18 19 20 20
20 21 21 22 24
24 25 26 27 30
31 31 32 35 39
The numbers shown above are called raw data.
 How to constructing
Frequency Distribution Table?
STEP 1: Determine the range.
Range (R) = High Score – Low Score

R= 39-10
R= 29
 How to constructing
Frequency Distribution Table?
STEP 2:
Determine the desired number of class interval (k).

k=5
 How to constructing
Frequency Distribution Table?
STEP 3:
•
10
Given: +6
R=29
K=5 +6

+6

+6
 STEP 4:
Classes F
Frequency
The frequency (f) of a particular value
10 – 15
is the number of times the
16 – 21
value occurs in the data.
22 - 27

28 – 33

34 - 39
STEP 5:

Classes F
Class Boundaries Class Boundaries
LB UB
10 – 15 8 16-15 =1
9.5 15.5
16 – 21 10
15.5 21.5
22 - 27 6 21.5 27.5 L C - 0.5 = LB
28 – 33 4
27.5 33.5 U C + 0.5 = UB
34 - 39 2
33.5 39.5
 STEP 6 Class mark
Class are the midpoints of
Classes F Boundaries x the lower and upper
LB UB class limits.
10 – 15 8
9.5 15.5
16 – 21 10 18.5
15.5 21.5
22 - 27 6 24.5
21.5 27.5
28 – 33 4 30.5
27.5 33.5
34 - 39 2
33.5 39.5 36.5
 STEP 7 Cumulative Frequency
Class
Classes F Boundaries x Cf< Cf>
LB UB
22+8=
10 – 15 8 9.5 15.5 12.5 30
12+10=
8+10=
16 – 21 10 15.5 21.5 18.5
18 22
18+6= 6+6=
22 - 27 6 21.5 27.5 24.5
24 12
24+4= 2+4=
28 – 33 4
27.5 33.5 30.5 28 6
28+2=
34 - 39 22 33.5 39.5 36.5 30
 STEP 8 Relative Frequency
Class
Classes F Boundaries
x Cf< Cf> RF
LB UB

10 – 9.5 15.5
15 8 12.5 8 30
16 –
21 10 15.5 21.5 18.5 18 22
22 - 27 6 21.5 27.5 24.5 12
24
28 –
33 4
27.5 33.5 30.5 28 6
34 - 39 2 33.5 39.5 36.5 30 2
 STEP 9 Cumulative
Percentage Frequency
Class
Cpf< Cpf>
Classes F Boundaries
x Cf< Cf> RF
LB UB

10 – 15 8 9.5 15.5 12.5 8 30 26.7

16 – 21 10 15.5 21.5 18.5 18 22 60
22 - 27 6 21.5 27.5 24.5 24 12 80
28 – 33 4 30.5 28 6 93.3
27.5 33.5
34 - 39 2
33.5 39.5 36.5 30 2 100
 STEP 9 Cumulative
Percentage Frequency
Class
Cpf< Cpf>
Classes F Boundaries
LB UB
x Cf< Cf> RF

10 – 15 8 9.5 15.5 12.5 26.7

8 30 100
16 – 21 10 15.5 21.5 18.5 18 22 60 73.3c
22 - 27 6 21.5 27.5 24.5 24 12 80 40
28 – 33 4 30.5 28 6 93.3 20
27.5 33.5
34 - 39 2 36.5 100 6.7
33.5 39.5 30 2
 QUIZ # 2
The data shown are the scores of 30 students in Statistics
exam. Construct frequency distribution table with 9 class
intervals.
47 69 50 75 54
56 87 77 63 55
61 89 57 68 67
49 90 65 71 66
68 81 75 49 85
65 61 74 79 90
 SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
1. A NOMINAL SCALE is an unordered set of
categories identified only by name. Nominal
measurements only permit you to determine whether
two individuals are the same or different. – categorical
Examples: ethnic minorities, TV stations
 SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
2. An ORDINAL SCALE is an ordered set of categories.
Ordinal measurements tell you the direction of
difference between two individuals. – rank/ordered
attributes
Examples: Academic rank
 SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
3. An INTERVAL SCALE is an ordered series of equal-
sized categories. Interval measurements identify the
direction and magnitude of a difference. - no true
zero, distance is meaningful
Examples: Temperature, IQ scores
 SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
4. A RATIO SCALE is an interval scale where a value of
zero indicates none of the variable. – True zero exists
Examples: weight, height
Interval scales hold no true zero and can
represent values below zero. For example,
you can measure temperature below 0
degrees Celsius, such as -10 degrees.
Ratio variables, on the other hand, never fall
below zero. Height and weight measure from
0 and above, but never fall below it.
METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA
1. Survey/Questionnaire
2. Interview
3. Experimentation
4. Observation
5. Registration/document
DATA MANAGEMENT II

Measures OF
Central
Tendency
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
1. MODE - most frequently occurring value
in a distribution
2. MEDIAN - midpoint in the distribution
below which half of the cases reside
3. MEAN - arithmetic average- the sum of
all values in a distribution divided by the
number of cases
Measures of Central Tendency

UNGROUPED
Data
Examples: (Ungroup)
•
Examples: (Ungrouped)
•
Measures of Central Tendency

GROUPED
Data
 Formulas for Grouped
•
Finding Mean, Median And Mode Of Grouped
Data
Classes F x fx Cf< LB

47-54 6 50.5
55-62 4 58.5
63-70 8 66.5
71-78 5 74.5
79-86 3 82.5
87-94 4 90.5
 Finding Mean Of Grouped Data
Classes F x fx Cf< LB

47-54 6 50.5 303

55-62 4 58.5 234
63-70 8 66.5 532
71-78 5 74.5 372.5

79-86 3 82.5 247.5

87-94 4 90.5 362

Finding Mean, Median And Mode Of Grouped
Data
Classes F x fx Cf< LB

47-54 6 50.5 303 6

55-62 4 58.5 234 10
63-70 8 66.5 532 18
71-78 5 74.5 372.5 23
79-86 3 82.5 247.5 26
87-94 4 90.5 362 30
 Finding Median Of Grouped Data
Classes F x fx Cf< LB

47-54 6 50.5 303 6 46.5

55-62 4 58.5 234 10 54.5
63-70 8 66.5 532 18 62.5
71-78 5 74.5 372.5 23 70.5
79-86 3 82.5 247.5 26 78.5
87-94 4 90.5 362 30 86.5
30
Finding Mode Of Grouped Data
Classes F x fx Cf< LB

47-54 6 50.5 303 6 46.5

4
55-62 d1
4 58.5 234 10 54.5
4+ 3
63-70 8 66.5 532 18 62.5
8 4
71-78 5 74.5
d2 372.5 23 70.5
79-86 3 82.5 247.5 26 78.5 3
87-94 4 90.5 362 30 86.5
30