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04 C++ Programming 4 Competitions - DataTypes and Variables-1

1. The need for data types to store different types of data in memory like integers, fractions, characters, etc. 2. The main built-in C++ data types including integer, floating point, boolean, character, and string types. 3. How variables are used to name and store data in memory locations using different data types. 4. Key concepts like literals, declarations, initializations, assignments, and type conversions.

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20 views26 pages

04 C++ Programming 4 Competitions - DataTypes and Variables-1

1. The need for data types to store different types of data in memory like integers, fractions, characters, etc. 2. The main built-in C++ data types including integer, floating point, boolean, character, and string types. 3. How variables are used to name and store data in memory locations using different data types. 4. Key concepts like literals, declarations, initializations, assignments, and type conversions.

Uploaded by

said
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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P T H I N K F A ST S

Competitive ProgrammingFrom Problem 2 Solution in O(1)

C++ Data Types and Variables

Mostafa Saad Ibrahim


Teaching Assistant @ Cairo University
Remember

 Magical Fact:
 Read little + Practice much => Write good

 Knowledge will be weird in the begin

 Keep trying…read weird things again

 Don’t be depressed. Challenge yourself


Suggested Books

 A First Book C++

 C++ Primer
Data Types
 Saywe want to computer program sums numbers
from 50 to 90

 Weneed to pass from 50 to 90 and sum numbers:


50+51+52+….90

 Sosum initially is 50. In second step = 101. In 3 rd


step = 153 and so on.

 Where to save this updated sum?


Data Types
 Our computers has memory (RAMs)

 Memory has size (e.g. 256 M) & stores 0s


&1s

 We use this memory to store our computed


data

 What types of data that we need to save?


Data Types
 We need to save discrete numbers (integer)

 And fractions 3.14 (float)

 What about decisions? True& False

 What about Blood type B? Character

 What about a name? Sequence of characters


C++ Data Types
 C++ Supports Built in data types
 Integral Data Types
▪ Signed (allow negative) or unsigned (no negative)
 Floating Point Data types
 Void (no value)

 C++ allows you create your types


 Structure / Class
Data Types Details
Variables

 Data in memory has addresses (in range RAM


size) and types (e.g. integer)

 It is not convenient to refer to physical address

 Variable = give name to location in memory

 Variable = named storage to a data type


stored in RAM
Variables Declaration Examples

 Integral Types
 short x = 50;
 int y = 10;
 long long z = 9223372036854775807
 char letter = ‘B’;
 bool status = true;
 int t; => Contains garbage
 Floating Point Types
 float f1 = 3.14;
 double salary = 1500.6;
Investigating variable statement

 int sum = 255;


 int = integer variable type = 4 bytes in RAM
 sum = variable name (called identifier)
 Memory value = 255 (called literal)
▪ In binary format:255= 00000000000000000000000011111111
▪ In hexadecimal format:255= 000000FF
 ; end of statement
 Reserve variable address in memory: 90E0100D
Usage Examples
Declaration
initialization

Assignment. Don’t declare again


Identifier (variable name)

 Identifier: Variable name


 int sum = 10; => sum is identifier
 Identifier consist of: letters, digits, _
 iNumber, status1, status2, mostafa_saad, _valid
 Can’t start with digit
 7Core
 Case sensitive: sum != SUM
 Shouldn’t use reserved keyword
 int return = 6;
Reserved Keywords
Identifier Naming Conventions

 Use good names (sum, salary)


 starts with lower letter
 Multiple words use _ or upper letters
 first_name or firstName.
 Some people prefer include type in start
 iNum => i for integer
 bStatus => b for bool
Literal

 Value 20 is called literal


 We can write an integer literal in 3 ways. E.g.
for value 20:
 Decimal = 20
 Octal = 024 (start with 0)
 Hexadecimal = 0x14 (start with 0x)
 Char literal: ‘b’
 String Literal: “hello world”
Literals with Suffix
Floating Point Literals
Automatic Type Conversions

 What if we used a type where we expect


another?
 bool status = age;
▪ age is integer type, but we expect bool type!
 Int age = salary
▪ salary is double, but we expect integer type!
 Type conversion converts one type to another
 Also happens on operations:
 double multiplication = age * salary;
Type Conversions Examples
Forced Type Conversions

 Forcing conversion is by casting in 3 ways:


Advise on data types

 If values may be negative => signed


 Use integer or long long (based on needs)
 Use char/bool only when you need them
 Use double, don’t use float. Usage only when
fractions appear.

 When declaring value, always initialize it.


 int x; => BAD
 int x = 0; => Good
Guess Output
Guess Output
List all Errors and Warrings
At the end…

 This is the first basics of C++ knowledge


 Many students will find content weird.

 If you understood it = 
 If you don’t understand = Repeat twice.
 If still, find other video on web + Read book.

 Success key: Practice much.


 Write all codes and play with them.

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