DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN -Engr Khakoo Mal

COURSE INTRODUCTION
Course title: Digital Logic Design
Credit Hours: 3+1 (total 6 hours per week)
Course score: total 150 (100 for theory + 50 for lab)
Mentor’s email: [email protected]
ASSESSMENT
Theory
 Mid Exam = 30 Marks
 Sessional = 20 Marks
 Final = 50 Marks

Lab
 Mid 1 = 15 Marks
 Sessional = 10 Marks
 Final = 25 Marks
OUTLINES:
 Introduction

 Digital and Analog quantities

 An Analog System

 A system using Digital and Analog Methods

 Linear Amplifier

 Digital-to-Analog converter (DAC)

 Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)

Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms

Basic Logic Functions (NOT, AND, OR)

Fixed-Function Logic Devices

Test and measurement instruments

INTRODUCTION
The term digital is derived from the way operations are performed,
by counting digits.

For many years, applications of digital electronics were limited to

computer systems. Today, digital technology is applied in a wide
range of areas in addition to computers. Such applications are like:
TELEVISIONS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
RADAR
INTRODUCTION…
Guidance systems,
military systems,
medical instrumentation,
industrial process control, and
consumer electronics use digital techniques.

Over the years digital technology has progressed from vacuum-tube circuits to discrete
transistors to complex integrated circuits, many of which contain millions of transistors, and
many of which are programmable.

This chapter introduces you to digital electronics and provides a broad overview of many
important concepts, components, and tools.
DIGITAL AND ANALOG
QUANTITIES
Electronic circuits can be divided into two broad categories, These are:
1. Digital and
2. Analog.

Digital electronics involves quantities with discrete values, and analog electronics involves
quantities with continuous values.

So,
 An analog quantity is one having continuous values.

 A digital quantity is one having a discrete set of values.

DIGITAL AND ANALOG
QUANTITIES…
Most things that can be measured quantitatively occur in nature, in analog
form.
For example, the air temperature changes over a continuous range of values.
During a given day, the temperature does not go from, say, 70 to 71 degree
instantaneously; it takes on all the infinite values in between.
If you graphed the temperature on a typical summer day, you would have a
smooth, continuous curve similar to the curve in Figure 1–1 availabe in next
slide.
Other examples of analog quantities are time, pressure, distance, and sound.
DIGITAL AND ANALOG
QUANTITIES…
Rather than graphing the temperature on a continuous basis, suppose you just
take a temperature reading every hour.
Now you have sampled values representing the temperature at discrete points
in time (every hour) over a 12-hour period, as indicated in Figure 1–2.
DIGITAL AND ANALOG
QUANTITIES…
You have effectively converted an analog quantity to a form that can now be digitized by
representing each sampled value by a digital code.

It is important to realize that Figure 1–2 itself is not the digital representation of the analog quantity.

Digital representation has certain advantages over analog representation in electronics applications.

 Digital data can be processed and transmitted more efficiently and reliably than analog data.

 Also, digital data has a great advantage when storage is necessary.

For example, music when converted to digital form can be stored more compactly and reproduced
with greater accuracy and clarity as compared when it is in analog form.

 Noise (unwanted voltage fluctuations) does not affect digital data nearly as much as it does analog
signals.
AN ANALOG SYSTEM
A public address system, used to amplify sound so that it can be heard by a large audience, is one
simple example of an application of analog electronics.
The basic diagram in Figure 1–3 illustrates that sound waves, which are analog in nature, are picked
up by a microphone and converted to a small analog voltage called the audio signal.
A SYSTEM USING DIGITAL AND
ANALOG METHODS
The compact disk (CD) player is an example of a system in which both digital and analog circuits are

used. The simplified block diagram in Figure 1–4 illustrates the basic principle.

Music in digital form is stored on the compact disk. A laser diode optical system picks up the digital
data from the rotating disk and transfers it to the digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
A SYSTEM USING DIGITAL AND
ANALOG METHODS
The DAC changes the digital data into an analog signal that is an electrical
reproduction of the original music. This signal is amplified and sent to the
speaker for you to enjoy.

When the music was originally recorded on the CD, a process, essentially the
reverse of the one described here, using an analog-to-digital converter
(ADC) was used.
BINARY DIGITS, LOGIC LEVELS, AND
DIGITAL WAVEFORMS
Binary: The two-state number system is called binary, and its two digits are 0 and 1. A
binary digit is called a bit.
In digital circuits, two different voltage levels are used to represent the two bits. Generally, 1 is
represented by the higher voltage, which we will refer to as a HIGH, and a 0 is represented by the
lower voltage level, which we will refer to as a LOW. This is called positive logic and will be used
throughout the book.
HIGH = 1 and LOW = 0
Another system in which a 1 is represented by a LOW and a 0 is represented by a HIGH is called
negative logic.

Groups of bits (combinations of 1s and 0s), called codes, are used to represent numbers, letters,
symbols, instructions, and anything else required in a given application.
LOGIC LEVELS
The voltages used to represent a 1 and a 0 are called logic levels.
Ideally, one voltage level represents a HIGH and another voltage
level represents a LOW.

There can be no overlap between the accepted range of HIGH

levels and the accepted range of LOW levels.
DIGITAL WAVEFORMS
Digital waveforms consist of voltage levels that are changing back and forth between the HIGH
and LOW levels or states. As shown in below figure:

Positive-going pulse is generated when the voltage (or current) goes from its normally LOW
level to its HIGH level and then back to its LOW level.
The negative-going pulse is generated when the voltage goes from its normally HIGH level to
its LOW level and back to its HIGH level.
A digital waveform is made up of a series of pulses.
BASIC LOGIC FUNCTIONS
 In its basic form, logic is something that tells you a certain proposition (declarative statement) is true if
certain conditions are true.

 Several propositions, when combined, form propositional, or logic functions.

For example, the propositional statement “The light is on” will be true if “The bulb is not burned out” is true
and if “The switch is on” is true.

Therefore, this logical statement can be made: The light is on only if the bulb is not burned out and the switch
is on.

In this example the first statement is true only if the last two statements are true.

The first statement (“The light is on”) is then the basic proposition, and the other two statements are the
conditions on which the proposition depends.
BASIC LOGIC FUNCTIONS…
 The term logic is applied to digital circuits used to implement logic functions.
 Several kinds of digital logic circuits are the basic elements that form the building blocks for such
complex digital systems just like the computer.
 Three basic logic functions (NOT, AND, and OR) are indicated by standard distinctive shape
symbols in Figure 1–16.

 The lines connected to each symbol are the inputs and outputs.
 The inputs are on the left of each symbol and the output is on the right.
 A circuit that performs a specified logic function (AND, OR) is called a logic gate.
BASIC LOGIC FUNCTIONS…
 AND and OR gates can have any number of inputs, as indicated by the dashes in the figure 1-16.
 Each of the three basic logic functions produces a unique response to a given set of conditions.
NOT: The NOT function changes one logic level to the opposite logic level, as indicated in Figure 1–17.

In NOT gate:
 When the input is High (1), the output is Low (0).
 When the input is Low ,the output is High.

 In either case, the output is not the same as the input.

 The Not function is implemented by a logic circuit known as an inverter.
BASIC LOGIC FUNCTIONS…
AND: The AND function produces a HIGH output only when all the inputs are HIGH, as indicated in
Figure 1–18 for the case of two inputs.

 When one input is HIGH and the other input is HIGH, the output is HIGH.
 When any or all inputs are LOW, the output is LOW.
The AND function is implemented by a logic circuit known as an AND gate.
BASIC LOGIC FUNCTIONS…
OR: The OR function produces a HIGH output when one or more inputs are HIGH, as indicated in
Figure 1–19 for the case of two inputs.

 When one input is HIGH or the other input is HIGH or both inputs are HIGH, the output is HIGH.
 When both inputs are LOW, the output is LOW.
The OR function is implemented by a logic circuit known as an OR gate.
FIXED-FUNCTION LOGIC
DEVICES
All the logic elements and functions that have been discussed are generally available in
integrated circuit (IC) form. Digital systems have incorporated ICs for many years because
of their small size, high reliability, low cost, and low power consumption.

It is important to be able to recognize the IC packages and to know how the pin connections
are numbered.

In fixed-function logic devices, the logic functions are set by the manufacturer and cannot be
altered.
FIXED-FUNCTION LOGIC
DEVICES…
Below fig. shows a cutaway view of one type of fixed-function IC package with the circuit
chip shown within the package.
FIXED-FUNCTION LOGIC
DEVICES…PIN NUMBERING
All IC packages have a standard format for numbering the pins (leads). The dual inline
packages (DIPs) have the numbering arrangement illustrated as in below fig.
COMPLEXITY CLASSIFICATIONS FOR
FIXED-FUNCTION ICS
Fixed-function digital ICs are classified according to their complexity. They are listed here from the
least complex to the most complex. The complexity figures stated here for SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI, and
ULSI are generally accepted, but definitions may vary from one source to another.

 Small-scale integration (SSI) describes fixed-function ICs that have up to ten equivalent gate
circuits on a single chip, and they include basic gates and flip-flops.

 Medium-scale integration (MSI) describes integrated circuits that have from 10 to 100 equivalent
gates on a chip. They include logic functions such as encoders, decoders, counters, registers,
multiplexers, arithmetic circuits, small memories, etc.
COMPLEXITY CLASSIFICATIONS FOR
FIXED-FUNCTION ICS
 Large-scale integration (LSI) is a classification of ICs with complexities of from more than 100
to 10,000 equivalent gates per chip, including memories.

 Very large-scale integration (VLSI) describes integrated circuits with complexities of from more
than 10,000 to 100,000 equivalent gates per chip.

 Ultra large-scale integration (ULSI) describes very large memories, larger microprocessors, and
larger single-chip computers. Complexities of more than 100,000 equivalent gates per chip are
classified as ULSI.
TEST AND MEASUREMENT
INSTRUMENTS
A variety of instruments are available for use in troubleshooting and testing. Some
common types of instruments are introduced and discussed in this section.

The Oscilloscope
The Logic Analyzer
Probes
The Digital Multimeter (DMM)
The DC Power Supply
PROBES
A test probe is a physical device used to connect
electronic test equipment to a device under test. Test
probes range from very simple to complex probes that
are sophisticated and expensive. Specific types include
test probes, oscilloscope probes and current probes.
THE DC POWER SUPPLY
This instrument is an essential instrument on any test bench. The power supply converts ac
power from the standard wall outlet into regulated dc voltage. All digital circuits require dc
voltage. Most logic circuits require from 1.2 V to 5 V to operate. The power supply is used to
power circuits during design, development, and troubleshooting when in-system power is not
available. A typical test bench dc power supply is shown in below figure:
THE DIGITAL MULTIMETER
(DMM)
 The digital multimeter (DMM) is a versatile instrument found on physically all
workbenches. All DMMs can make basic ac and dc voltage, current, and resistance
measurements. Voltage and resistance measurements are the principal quantities measured
with DMMs.

 In digital circuits, DMMs are the preferred instrument for setting dc power supply voltages
or checking the supply voltage on various points in the circuit.