Listening

Skills/Feedback.
Listening is vital to effective feedback and
communication in counselling and in interviews.
Feedback.

Poor listening skills may be due to

what factors:
Poor habits.
2) Lack of training.
3) Lack of interest.
4) Physical or psychological problems.
Poor listening may result in:

1) Loss of information.

2)Misunderstanding of information.
3)Failure to detect feedback cues.
4)Failure to motivate the other party
to respond, to listen and to interact.
People listen in three ways:

1) Passively.
2) Actively.
3)Empathetically.
The passive listener.

The passive listener concentrates on:

1) Information .
2) How he or she might use that
information .
3) In a sense this is selfish listening.
The active listener.

The active listener concentrates on:

1) Information .
2) On the verbal and non –verbal messages
being exchanged. Both for self-use and to
provide feedback to the other party.
3) Students need to be ACTIVE LISTENERS.
The empathy listener.

The empathy listener concentrates on:

1)The total message in order to convey
understanding.
2) Reassurance.
3) Comfort to the other party and to
guide them towards appropriate action.
Reasons why we fail to listen
adequately.
 1) We may view some material as uninteresting.
 2) We may pay more attention to appearance and delivery than to message
content,
 3) We may get emotionally involved.
 4) We may only listen for facts and miss highly important nonverbal signals.
 5) We may attempt to answer questions or respond to statements before
they are complete.
 6) We may allow our attention to wander.
 7) We may allow ourselves to become upset by an individual’s language.
 8) We may allow our prejudices interfere with our listening comprehension.
Suggestions for improving our listening
skills.
1) Listen for the “critical content”of interviews.
2) Listen for feelings and content.
3) Be patient.
4) Be mentally and physically ready to listen.
5) Listen for nonverbal and verbal cues and clues.
6) Verify your listening accuracy through use of questions.
7) Do not replay interviewing mistakes; set them aside so your listening will
not be impaired.
8) Keep note-taking and question-reading to a minimum.
9) Think before responding or reacting.
10) Focus your attention on this interview, not past or future interviews.
Benefits of effective listening in the
workplace.
 1) Effective listening lead to effective communication.
 2) Good listening skills will help in the spread of fewer
misunderstandings in the workplace.
 3)Effective listening will not only improve your work environment but
will also help in your personal growth.
 4) Effective listening will also help you in developing emotional
intelligence in the workplace.
UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH:

1) In addition to better listening skills, students should

also come into the habit of reading much more
academic material.
2) Students should be inquisitive, to have a thirst for
knowledge.
3) Students should also discover new things.
4) All of the above come from listening better and
reading much more and this is the basis of all academic
research.
UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH:

1) It is essential for new students to understand

what basic research is.
2) Research is not only important in academic
circles, but also for the overall well-being of
human beings, the environment and the world.
3) Research is important in the academic world
otherwise knowledge gained remains static.
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH:

A very basic definition of research is:

That research is a process in which you:
1) Explore.
2) Inquire.
3) Discover.
4) Analyse.
5) Investigate an issue, topic or agenda.
The purpose of research:

1) To gain new knowledge.

2) To understand something better.
3) To find answers to questions asked and
information needed.
4) To provide evidence for your own
perceptions or thoughts about something.
RESEARCH: AN EXITING DISCOVERING
JOURNEY.
This journey should be:
1) Informative.
2) Meaningful.
3) Empowering.
IMPLIED IN THIS DEFINITION, ARE AT LEAST
THREE VERY IMPORTANT FACTORS.

1) Research is an active learning process in

which you acquire/gain new knowledge.
2) People producing the knowledge are
referred to as the different knowledge
communities.
3) Application of knowledge. You should apply
the knowledge otherwise it will remain theory.
WHY ARE YOU STUDYING FOR A
DEGREE OR A DIPLOMA?
1) You are busy acquiring and constructing
new knowledge to empower yourself for the
future.
2) You are actively developing and preparing
for the work where you will become an
active citizen who will contribute to the
economic growth of the country.
NEW KNOWLEDGE SHOULD BE APPLIED.

1) Whatever you learn should be applied in your

personal lives, in the lives of your families,
friends and communities and in the world.
2) Reason for application of knowledge: a) The
more you apply knowledge gained, the better
you will become. b) Only through the
application of knowledge you begin to fully
understand how something works.
New knowledge should be applied
continue:
1) Through the application of knowledge you
will also understand what the challenges are
and how to overcome these challenges.
2) In addition, it is only when you apply
knowledge gained that you will grow and
develop fully, and gain experience to become
effective and efficient in whatever you do.
Reasons for the necessity of research.

1) To apply knowledge we need to do

research.
2) If it is required of you to write any
academic assignment you have to do
research in order to write a
feasible/academic standard piece of
writing.
Reasons for doing research continue:

1) It will aid your learning.

2) It will empower you become conversant in your subject
areas.
3) It will enable you to argue better, to write well developed
answers and discuss issues thoroughly and meaningfully in
your assignments and tasks.
4) It will let you to stand out in a crowd, and you will be
rewarded by your different lecturers for the extra effort that
you put into your work because it will be apparent to them.
REASON NO 1 FOR DOING RESEARCH.

Therefore, the main reason for doing

research as an undergraduate student,
is to gain new knowledge, to
understand the contents in your
different subjects better and to
empower yourself as an undergraduate
student.
APPLYING KNOWLEDGE.

1) After gaining knowledge( which

should never stop) you should also
start to apply the knowledge gained.
2) Do not wait to apply knowledge
gained till after completing your
degree.
WHY SHOULD KNOWLEDGE BE APPLIED
IMMEDIATELY?
The application of knowledge should
start immediately, as soon as you
understand something while you are
studying, that is, when actual learning
takes place!
MORE REASONS FOR CONDUCTING
RESEARCH.
1) To find solutions to problems in
order to improve existing conditions.
2) Research is about real-life issues
and is an ongoing process.
3) Conducting research is never static.
WHY IS RESEARCH NEVER STATIC?

Itis always evolving and about discovering

new things.
Discovering new things.
Creating new opportunities and new
possibilities.
Lastly, conducting research is about effecting
change and creating new knowledge.
STEPS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS.

As with reading and writing, research is

a process.
It is a critical-thinking and meaning
making process in which you actively
plan, search for, discover, reflect,
evaluate, and write newly found
information.
The research process can be divided
into at least eight steps.
1) Selecting a topic.
2) Decoding and refining the topic.
3) Identifying objectives.
4) Choosing an approach.
5) Exploring the topic.
6) Planning the search.
7) Searching and selecting the sources.
8) Using the information in your writing.
SELECTING A TOPIC.

To start the process of research:

1)You need to find out about what you
need/want to find out more about.
2)This “something” is referred to as a
topic, a theme, or an idea.
DECODE THE TOPIC.

Once you have decided on your topic :

You need to decode and refine your
topic.
1) Decoding entails: You break down
the topic into smaller parts (you are
analysing your topic.
REFINE YOUR TOPIC:

When refining your topic :

1) You narrow down your topic by
identifying the most important key
words in the topic.
WHEN DECODING A TOPIC OR INSTRUCTION,YOU
BREAK THE TOPIC DOWN INTO THREE SMALLER
PARTS.

1) The verbs or action words. The verb

is giving you an instruction- it is
informing you about what you should
do in the topic.
2) NB!!!!!!!!! There could be more
than one verb in any given topic.
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN VERBS.

1)You need to distinguish between the

verbs that specifically instruct you to
do something and other verbs that are
part of another phrase or topic.
HOW DO I DISTINGUISH BETWEEN
VERBS?
You do this by identifying the present
tense verbs only.
You do not identify verbs that are in
the past tense or future tense.
DECODING THE TOPIC.

Topic: Critically discuss the statement:

“Education is the most important way
in which a country can develop so it
can grow economically and become
self-reliant.”
DECODING THE TOPIC:

1) Task words: “Critically”(adverb and

verb.) It tells you HOW to discuss the
issue.
2) It means you need to discuss the topic
carefully by looking at all sides of the
issue and assessing it thoroughly based
on evidence and facts.
FOCUS:

What must I critically discuss? The

answer is the statement. Therefore,
the focus of the topic is the whole
statement.
BROAD THEME:

Education and country(The concept

and bigger picture.
Analysing (decoding) the topic in this
way helps you to gain a better
understanding of what you need to do.
REFINING YOUR TOPIC:

The key words in the topic are:

1) Critically discuss.
2) Education most important.
3) For country’s development and
growth.
IDENTIFYING KEY WORDS IN THE TOPIC.

1) This will help you :

a) Decide on an approach.
b) Help you search for information or
sources that you can use to
substantiate/back-up or prove your
point.
WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED DECODING
AND REFINING THE TOPIC.
You can ask yourself the following two
questions:
1) What do I already know about the
topic?
2) What do I need to know about the
topic?
STEP3: Identify objectives.

1) Decide what you want to achieve in

the essay/assignment.
2) What outcome you want to get in
the end?
3) The way in which you are going to
write about the topic.
Identify objectives continue.

1) The issues you will be discussing.

2) The researched information that you
are going to use.
3) It is therefore important to decide on
clear objectives because this will drive
the research process and the writing of
the essay/assignment.
TO DECIDE ON YOUR OBECTIVES, YOU
ASK THE FOLLOWING.
1) What do I want the outcome to be?
2)Should my outcome be based on
factual information?
3)Will I discuss the issue only, or will I
also look at advantages and
disadvantages?
OBJECTIVES CONTINUE.

1) Will I assess and evaluate the issues,

or will I simply describe the issues?
2) What do I need to reach my
outcome-what type of information do I
need to find in order to achieve my
objectives?
OBJECTIVES CONTINUE.

1) Try and write some answers to these questions

by drawing on your own existing knowledge and
using the key words.
2) Your objectives will help you to decide on a
specific approach for writing.
3) It is okay if do not find answers on everything
at this point. Make notes and come back to
where you have trouble later.
CHOOSE AN APPROACH.

1) There are many different approaches

to writing an academic
essay/assignment.
2) Sometimes lectures will give clear
guidelines for a specific approach and
what kind of essay they want you to
write.
CHOOSE AN APPROACH CONTINUE:

 Even if there are specific guidelines

you still have the freedom to decide
what issues you want to focus on and
discuss, as well as what type of
evidence you want to search for and
use as proof of your points or
statements made.
THE SIX MOST IMPORTANT
APPROACHES FOR WRITING AN
ACADEMIC ESSAY.
1) The informational approach.
2) The descriptive approach.
3) The narrative approach.
4) The argumentative approach.
5) The problem-and –solution approach.
6) The evaluative approach.
THE INFORMATIONAL APPROACH.

1) You present and discuss factual information

about your topic (Statistics, people, theories,
research, and findings that revealed whether
something is true or false, if something is
working or not.
2) You will not argue or contest the information
presented and discussed.Your objective is to
share factual information.
NARRATIVE APPROACH.

1) You are telling a story about the topic

in chronological order.(from the beginning
to the end)
2) You will rely mostly on people, stories(
their life stories and histories)
3) You will not contest information, you
will narrate info as it happened.
DESCRIPTIVE APPROACH.

1) You describe the topic fully.

2) Give reader clear picture of topic.
3) Focus on features or characteristics.
4) You will not argue or contest the
contents.
5) Your objective is to give reader detailed
description of topic.
THE ARGUMENTATIVE APPROACH.

1) You will take a stance/have an opinion/form an

opinion about topic.
2) Find evidence that will support your opinion.
3) Your objective: To substantiate and convince
reader about your argument.
4) You need info to back you up.
5) You build a case in writing, and you convince
your reader by providing solid facts and evidence.
PROBLEM-AND-SOLUTION APPROACH.

1) Objective: To explain and analyse a

problem(by breaking it down into smaller parts
and discussing each part.)
2) You then propose a solution to the problem
based on your researched info.
3) You try to analyse a problem, to understand
why it happened/find a solution to prevent it
from happening again.
PROBLEM-AND-SOLUTION APPROACH
CONTINUE.
1) The objective in this approach is to affect
change.
2) It requires critical and analytical thinking.
3) You need to assess and evaluate an issue
to provide solutions to the problems.
4) You will need this approach when you
have to write research assignments.
EVALUATIVE APPROACH.

1) You have to assess and evaluate an issue, situation or

context and then make a judgement on it.
2) You have to compare and contrast two or more issues,
cases, events, based on factual and researched info.
3) You must then decide which on is stronger or weaker.
4) This approach also needs critical and analytical
thinking and an open mind.
5) when you need to write a research or investigative
report this approach will be required.
WHEN TO USE WHICH APPROACH.

1) Most often the topic will dictate which

approach you should follow.
2) Or lectures will give you guidelines on
which approach they want you to follow.
3) If above two approaches are not
provided or evident you are free to choose
any approach or combine more than one.
WHAT TO BEAR IN MIND.

1) You should choose the approach

that will suit your topic the best.
2) This approach must allow you the
necessary time and space to write well
a well-researched and well-written
academic assignment.
STEP 5:EXPLORE THE TOPIC.

1) You will now be ready to explore the topic

based on your objectives and approach.
2) Ask yourself the following two questions:
A) What type of information do I need to
achieve my objectives?
B) What kind of resources do I need to find
the information?
INFORMATION LITERACY SKILLS, PART
OF WHAT YOU WILL NEED.
1) Information literacy refers to:
A) Being computer literate.
B) Knowing how to search and find
information through the use of technology.
C) This means that if you are not computer
literate it should be the first priority to
become computer literate.
EXPLORE THE TOPIC CONTINUE:

Tips to answer the two questions at the

start of this section.
1) If your assignment is an academic
essay, you will need to have an
argument. (You need you take a stance)

STEP6: PLAN THE SEARCH.

You are now ready to write a final plan/schedule for

your assignment.
1) Write down your chosen topic.
2) Decode and refine your topic by identifying key
words.
3) Add your objectives and approach.
4) Sort and organise the ideas you think will be usefull
according to the list that you have made in step 5.
LAST QUESTION TO ASK: WHERE WILL I
FIND RELEVANT INFORMATION?

Relevant information is information

that will support your argument and will
provide evidence of what you want to
argue for.
KEY WORDS.

1) Match key words with the list you have

made and if need be, add more key words.
2) Why are key words important?
a) They are the words you will enter on the
computer when you do an engine search.
b) Or a search on the university’s library
data bases and catalogues.
WHERE TO FIND RESOURCES?

Textbooks/Academic books on theories and

research output/Articles in academic and
peer-reviewed journals/Newspaper and
magazine articles/TV news and relevant TV
programmes/ News on the radio and other
social media/A country’s constitution and bill
of rights/Regulations and laws/Minutes of
meetings/Reports and statistics.
STEP 7: SEARCH AND SELECT THE
SOURCES NEEDED.
1) This is the second last step before
you write your assignment.
2) This step is crucial because here
you are going to evaluate the different
sources that you will be looking at.
STEP 7: CONTINUE.

1) This is important because here you going to

ensure that your sources are
Relevant, credible, reliable, valid and timely.
2) Thus as you are working through the
different sources through reading, listening and
speaking assess the sources that you identify
and use the most relevant and credible ones.
EVALUATING RESOURCES, WHY
IMPORTANT?
The use of credible, reliable and valid
sources is critical in your academic
studies, and it becomes even more
imperative in real-life research because
it has to do with people’s lives, their
health, the environment and everything
in it.
EVALUATING CRITERIA: CONTENT

For content ask the following

questions:
1)What was the purpose/why was the
information written and published?
2)Who is the audience?
3)Does the author(s) have authority?
CONTENT: CONTINUE.

4) How accurate is the information

presented?
5) Is it reliable and valid information
that you can use?
6) How current is the information?
WHY DO WE ASK THESE QUESTIONS?

To ensure that the sources are relevant

to your topic and argument, and that
they are credible, reliable and valid. If
you use sources that do not adhere to
these criteria, they will not provide the
proof or evidence that you need to
support or back up your argument.
EVALUATION CRITERIA: SCOPE.

Scope has to do with the depth and

breadth of the information discussed
in the source.
QUESTIONS TO BE ASKED IN RELATION
TO SCOPE.
1) Does the argument presented make
sense?
2) Are all aspects of the
subject/issue/problem covered?
3) How was it covered-objectively or
subjectively?
SCOPE CONTINUE:

4) What is implied? Why? Why not?

5) Does it provide evidence/support
for my argument?
SCOPE CONTINUE:

1)As with criteria for content, you will want to find

appropriate answers for scope as well.
2) Credible, reliable and valid information will have a clear
argument that is presented in a logical and systematic way.
3) Research that was conducted by an authoritive author
and a person affiliated to a reputable institution will be
presented objectively.
4) Thus, there will be facts and findings that will be based
on data collected in a set period or time- frame, and
analysed in appropriate ways.
SCOPE CONTINUE:

1)Any research will have some form of

bias and implied meaning.
2) However, academic articles are
required to present information as
objectively as possible, covering all
aspects of the issue and making the
author’s bias clear up front.
SCOPE CONTINUE:

 1) If you found answers to all the questions asked, as a

final precaution, make sure that the information will
provide evidence or proof, or the necessary support for
your argument.
 2)Therefore as to evaluate the sources, work through
both lists of questions(content and scope) and make sure
that you find the appropriate answers to all the
questions asked. If you cannot find answers to any of
the questions asked, do not use the source. Find another
one.
APPLYING ETHICS IN
COMMUNICATION/RESEARCH.
In order to communicate or do research
ethically, we should apply the following:
1) Be honest and truthful. Do not lie cheat
or steal.
2) Avoid language that evades responsibility.
3) Be accountable for our words and actions.
ETHICS CONTINUE:

4) Do not suppress or de-emphasise

important information.
5) Offer good value for money.
6) Be timely in our communication.
7) Avoid printed and recorded defamation.
8) Distinguish between fact and opinion.
ETHICS CONTINUE:

9) Use a layout that does not hide information.

10) Know what we can and cannot reveal to
others.
11) Be careful when communicating in
cyberspace.
12) Do not claim authorship for documents we
have not written.
ETHICS CONTINUE:

13) Keep our promises.

14) Be fair.
15) Respect and consider others and their
ideas, even if we do not agree with them.
16) Always remember you are working
with people. Respect everybody.
THE EMPLOYMENT INTERVIEW.

1)Is a strategic conversation with a purpose.

2) The interview usually takes place face to
face.(Skype can also be used.)
3) Your goal is to persuade that you have the
qualifications, skills, and abilities required
for the position and that you will fit into the
organisation.
CONTINUE:

1)Your task is to gather information

about the organisation to determine
whether the position and work
environment are right for you.
2) This information can be obtained
from the company where you have
applied and on other websites.
INTERVIEW PREPARATION:

In order to present yourself as professionally as

possible, you need to:
Be prepared:
1) You must be able to answer questions about the
company. Not being able to do that creates a very
bad impression.
2) Find out about their products and services, mission
statement, recent successes or achievements. (Visit
their website or annual report.)
DRESS APPROPRIATELY:

1)Dressing formally is not always appropriate.

Dress as though you were employed by the
company and you will not go wrong.
2) Plunging necklines (for woman), tight pants
(for both men and women), bright colours,
revealing clothes and too much jewellery,
however, are always inappropriate.
BE PUNCTUAL!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

1) You place yourself and your

employment prospects at a
disadvantage by arriving late.
2) Always allow sufficient time for the
unexpected, such as traffic jams, late
public transport, lack of parking and
for finding the interview venue.
COMMUNICATE POSITEVELY.

1) What you say and how you say it are

vital to creating a favourable first
impression.
2) Shake hands, make eye contact and
connect personally with the interviewer
.NB: Switch of your cellphone.
BE FOCUSED:

1)Listen carefully to a question

before you give your answer.
2) Do not tell your whole life story
but keep your answers relevant,
concise and focused.
BE ARTICULATE:

“Yes” and “no” answers should be

avoided unless appropriate, as this
makes it very difficult for an
interviewer to gauge your
communication skills.
BE POSITIVE ABOUT YOUR PREVIOUS
EMPLOYERS:
1)The worse you paint your past
position or employer, the worse it
reflects on you.
2) Negative comments about previous
employers often say more about you
and your shortcomings than about
them.
REMEMBER TO FOLLOW UP:

1)Always send a thank-you letter or

email immediately after the interview,
regardless of what you perceive your
chances to be.
2) This confirms your interest in the
position or company and reinforces a
favourable impression.
ORAL PRESENTATIONS:

1) The purpose of it is to give students

guidelines on how to deliver effective
oral presentations.
2) Students are given tips on how to
plan, prepare and deliver presentations,
including what to do what to do before,
during, and after a presentation.
BETTER COMMUNICATORS:

1)It has become increasingly important for

students to become better communicators
as effective communication is an important
and common requirement in the workplace.
2) In fact, candidates may unknowingly be
assessed on their ability to deliver stunning
presentations during the selection process.
ROUTE TO PERFECTION………
REPETITION,REPITITION:
1)In order to make a set of skills and
techniques your own, the route to
perfection is via repetition and more
repetition, and practice and more
practice.
2)The same applies to presentation
skills.
OVERCOMING FEAR:

Some people find the prospect of

giving presentations extremely
daunting and may react in the same
way as they would to death or to
snakes. When faced with the reality
of delivering a presentation some
people simply want to flee.
FOUR TYPES OF PRESENTERS:

Four types of presenters have been identified based on

their reactions to the experience:
1) Avoiders whose reactions may be so extreme that
they become physically ill.
2) Resistors who resist taking part in presentations.
3) Acceptors who seldom volunteer to give a
presentation but sometimes enjoy it.
4) Seekers who love to perform in front of audiences.
Which kind of presenter are you?
THE PRESENTATION PROCESS:

1) Planning: Determining the purpose of the presentation, analysing

the audience(how?) and deciding on the timing and method of
delivery.
2) Organising: Gathering the data and arranging the outline in
logical order.
3) Developing visual aids: Select the type, number and content of
the visual aid.
4) Practising: Rehearsing.
5) Delivering: Dressing appropriately, making friendly eye contact,
speaking in an effective manner and answer questions confidentely.
ADVANTAGES OF ORAL
PRESENTATIONS:
1)They enable immediate feedback
to take place.
2) The speaker has control.
3) They require little work/effort on
the part of the audience.
WHEN PREPARING AN ORAL PRESENTATION,
PRESENTERS TEND TO DO THE FOLLOWING.

1) Simplify the main focus by choosing one idea

that they want the audience to take home.
2) Simplify the content by making sure it is easy
for the audience to follow.
3) Include supporting visuals so that the
audience can absorb the message in one glimpse.
4) Make sure that the vocabulary structure are
clear and easy to understand.
SPOKEN MESSAGES MAKE IT EASIER TO:

1)Use emotions to influence the audience.

2) Put the spotlight on key points to grab the
audience’s attention.
3) Respond to questions, resolve conflict and
build harmony.
4) Adjust a suggestion that may not be
acceptable in its original form.
5) Get instant reaction or response.
PRESENTATION TYPES:

1)Informative presentations: The

aim here is to promote
comprehension.
2) Persuasive presentations: Helps
the audience to approve proposals, to
adopt ideas or to buy the products.
PRESENTATION TYPES CONTINUE:

1) Goodwill presentations: To entertain and

validate the audience.
(validate: To prove that something is true.)
2) Energising presentations: Aim to
mobilise the group and to spur them on to
take action. The audience must be inspired
by something.(Religion?)
THE FIVE KEY ELEMENTS OF
PRESENTATIONS:
1)The presenter.
2) The audience.
3) The content.
4) The delivery.
5) The setting.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUCCESSFUL
PRESENTER:
1)Poise: Presenters should assure the audience
that they are in control of the situation.
2) Competence: The audience must convinced of
the presenters expertise in relation to the topic.
3) Trustworthiness: The audience must be able to
believe that the speaker is fair, objective, reliable,
honest and mindful of their interests. Gaining trust
takes time to develop within the group.
CONTINUE:

1) Commitment: The presenter must

demonstrate willingness to “go the
extra mile” with the group.
2) Dynamism: The presenter must
persuade and energise the audience by
instilling enthusiasm, intensity, and
forcefulness.
CONTINUE:

1)Sincerity: The presenter must come

across as sincere. Inconsistencies
between verbal and non-verbal
messages can signal deception.
2) Respect: The speaker should show
respect for the audience, their views,
opinions and knowledge.
THE FIVE ELEMENTS OF PRESENTATIONS:

1)The presenter.
2) The audience.
3) The content.
4) The delivery.
5) The setting.
THE PRESENTER:

1)When standing at the podium you become the

actor of your presentation.
2) When presenting do not read from your notes .
3) Use your voice and body language and establish
eye contact with the audience.
4) The manner in which the presenter conveys a
message will determine,to some extent, whether
the audience is able to grasp the message.
CONTINUE:

1) The success of a presentation also has a

lot to do with the presenter’s credibility.
2) So when assessing the success of a
presentation, the following questions
should be asked: Did the message make an
impact on the audience and if so was it
credible?
THE AUDIENCE:

1)To deliver a presentation

effectively, it is important to analyse
your audience beforehand.
2) More time should be allocated to
thinking about the needs of the
audience.
CONTINUE:

1)A key factor is to consider the

composition of your audience: Is it
made up of professionals or non-
professionals, providers or users, or
of people who are internal to the
organisation, or external to it?
CONTINUE:

There are four methods that the

presenter can use to adapt a message to a
given audience:
1) A demographic analysis.
2) A purpose-oriented analysis.
3) A level of knowledge analysis.
4) A psychological need analysis.
INTERVIEW STRUCTURE.

 1) The warm-up or ice breaker.

 2) The information exchange part.
 3) The wrap- up.
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS.

 Interview questions usually fall into the following

categories:
 1) Academic history.
 2) Work history ( if applicable).
 3) About you.
 4) About the new position.
 5) About the future.
ACADEMIC HISTORY.

 1) Why did you choose your course?

 2) Why did you choose to study at…..?
 3) What is the most important benefit you gained
from your studies?
 4) Is your university record a good measure of your
skills and abilities?
 5)What would you change about the South African
education system?
WORK HISTORY.

 1)What were your responsibilities in your

previous position?
 2) What were the major challenges?
 3) How did you handle these challenges?
 4)With the advance of technology, do you think
people will cease to communicate?
ABOUT YOU.

 1) What are your most important values?

 2)What are your strategies for handling stress and
pressure?
 3) Do you prefer to work independently or as part
of a team?
ABOUT THE NEW POSITION.

 1) What interests you about this position?

 2) Why do you want to work for us?
 3)Why do you want to work in Cape
Town/Pretoria/Jhb etc?
 4) Why are you the best person for this position?
ABOUT YOUR FUTURE.

 1)What are your career goals for the next five

years?
 2) Where do you see yourself in ten years time?
DIFFICULT QUESTIONS.

 1)What do you consider is your greatest

weakness?
 2) Are you planning to have a family in the near
future?
 3) What kind of salary are you looking for?
SUGGESTED RESPONSE.

 1) I pay meticulous attention to detail, so sometimes a

task takes a little longer, but then I know I have done a
professional job. ( Your weakness becomes a strength.)
 2) I keep my private life separate from my working life. I
do not allow my personal life to affect my commitment
to my work. (Your commitment is highlighted.)
 3)I hope to earn a salary commensurate with my
qualifications and experience. ( You have avoided
naming a figure, but expect to be fairly rewarded.)
QUESTIONS TO ASK THE INTERVIEWER.

 1)What are the particular responsibilities of the

position?
 2)Are there opportunities for training and
advancement?
 3)Is further study, such as part-time study,
encouraged?
QUESTIONS NOT TO ASK.

 1) What is the salary?

 2) How long do I need to work to qualify for
leave?
 3) How long are the working hours?
 4) Do you offer maternity/paternity leave?