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Cells are the smallest and most basic units of life. There are two main types of cells - unicellular organisms made of just one cell, and multicellular organisms made of millions of cells. All cells share some common structures - a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material. However, plant and animal cells differ in several specialized structures that allow them to perform different functions. A light microscope can show many cell structures at low magnifications, while electron microscopes provide higher resolution images needed to see smaller intracellular components.

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25 views27 pages

Jo

Cells are the smallest and most basic units of life. There are two main types of cells - unicellular organisms made of just one cell, and multicellular organisms made of millions of cells. All cells share some common structures - a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material. However, plant and animal cells differ in several specialized structures that allow them to perform different functions. A light microscope can show many cell structures at low magnifications, while electron microscopes provide higher resolution images needed to see smaller intracellular components.

Uploaded by

Tedi Feto
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cell – the smallest units from which all organisms are made.

Organisms are unicellular and multicellular

• Unicellular made of just a single cell


• Multicellular contains millions of cells.
Cell membrane
• Is a thin layer that surround every cell
• It is composed by protein and fats
• Partially permeable which mean that some substances pass through but not others

Function
1. It controls the entry and exit of dissolved substances.
2. Surround the cytoplasm, Hold the cell together.
3. Separates the cytoplasm from its environment.
Cytoplasm
• It is clear jelly
• Nearly all water 70%
• contain a lot of substances dissolved in it.

Function
1. Many chemical reaction including anaerobic respiration
2. Organelles in eukaryotic cell are placed in cytoplasm
3. Genetic material in prokaryotic cell is placed in cytoplasm
Nucleus (plural: nuclei)
• It is composed by two membrane.
• The nucleus is where the genetic information is stored.
• The information is kept on the chromosome
• The chromosomes are made of DNA.
• A chromosome is a length of DNA found in the nucleus that stores the genetic information in form of gene.

DNA function
1. Contan genes
2. Codes for specific proteins.
Vacuole
• Is a fluid – filled space surrounded by its own membrane (tonoplast in plants is the name of this membrane).
• Contain cell sap ( solution of sugars )
• Animal cells have much smaller vacuoles called vesicles that contain solutions plant large and permanent one.

Function
In plants
• Helps to keep it shape
• Contain water necessary to provide turgor pressure
• May store ions and molecules
In animal
• Are involved in digestion ( phagocytes)
• Are involved in excretion ( contractile vacuoles may remove excess water)
• Secretory vesicle contain hormones or enzyme.
Cell wall ( only in plant cell )
• Strong covering
• Outside the cell membrane
• Is composed by cellulose that is a polymer of glucose and it forms fibers in different directions.
• Allows water to pass through it so it is fully permeable to water and dissolved substance .

Function
1. It protect and support the cell ( pressure of cell contents leads to cell turgidity)
2. The cell wall stops it bursting when cell absorb water by osmosis.
3. Defining cell a certain shape
Chloroplasts
• are found in plant cell.
• contain the green colouring or pigment called chlorophyll.
• Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight, and this energy is then used in making food for the plant
by photosynthesis so contain the enzyme for photosynthesis reactions.
• Chloroplasts often contain starch grains, ( white color in microscope) which have been made by
photosynthesis
• Contain two membrane
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion)

• Mitochondria are found in almost all plant and animal cells.


• Contain two membranes
• Aerobic respiration ( oxygen is needed ) take place there and release energy from glucose.
• Can be seen only with electronic microscope.
• There are many of them in cell that require a lot of energy like nerve cells, muscle cells, and liver cells.
Ribosomes
• are tiny structures found in almost all animal cells and plant cells.
• Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
• Are common in cell that produce proteins like liver cells
• Are found free in cytoplasm or in the surface of endoplasmic reticulum.
• They are so small that we can only see them with an electron microscope.
.
Animal cell Plant cell
Heterotrophic nutrition Autotrophic nutrition
Cell membrane Cell membrane
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
Nucleus Nucleus
Vacuoles Very small and temporary Vacuoles large and permanent
Mitochondria Mitochondria
Rough endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome Ribosome
Absent very irregular shape Cell wall ( regular shape )
Absent Chloroplast
Glycogen is the storage form of Starch is the storage form of
carbohydrate carbohydrate
Smaller in size about 25µm or 0.025 mm larger in size 60 µm or 0.06 mm
Bacteria Cells
• Bacteria do not have a nucleus so are also known as prokaryotic cells.
• They have a circle of DNAthat floats in the cytoplasm. This is sometimes called a bacterial
chromosome.
• They are microscopic single-celled organisms ( unicellular orgnisms)
• Possess a cell wall (made of peptidoglycan, not cellulose), cell
membrane, cytoplasm and ribosomes.
• Plasmids are sometimes present - these are small rings of DNA (also floating in the
cytoplasm) that contain extra genes to those found in the chromosomal DNA
• They lack mitochondria, chloroplasts and other membrane-bound organelles found in
animal and plant cells
• Some bacteria also have a flagellum (singular) or several flagella (plural). These are long, thin,
whip-like tails attached to bacteria that allow them to move
Microscope
Light microscope
• Can magnify about 1500 times
• Use light to see image
• A photograph taken using a light microscopy
is called a photomicrograph with color.

All the structures– cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm,


vacuoles, nucleus and chloroplasts – can be
seen with a good
light microscope but not mitochondria

1mm = 1000µm
Animal cell under light microscope
The magnification of an object is how many times larger it is than the real object.

1mm = 1000µm and 1cm


• Make sure that all the numbers in your calculation = 10,000µm
have the same units.
• Magnification is always written with a multiplication
sign in front of it, ×.
Electron microscope
• Can magnify up to 500 000 times
• You can see more in detail
• They use beam of electron instead of light
• An image made using an electron microscope is called
electron micrograph that provide image images
without color.
Root Hair cell

Palisade cell
Red Blood cell
Sperm Cell

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