Learning Outcomes:

 At the end of the discussion and presentations,

the student should be able to
 Determine the various data gathering
techniques;
 Explore the concepts in data management; and
 Perform data organization.
HANDOUTS 2
ENDATA130
Prepared by: Y.E. Fernandez
 Topic Coverage
 Data Gathering/Collection Technique
 Data Management- Data Organization
 Methods of Data
Gathering/Collection:

1)asking questions – through

direct / interview form
indirect/questionnaire form (Survey)
2)Observation
3)Use of Existing data
4)Experimentation
5) Simulation
 Types of Questionnaires:
 Unstructured – the questions asked are in
no particular order or arrangement for as
long as all those that are needed to answer
the questions posed in the study are asked.

 Structured – questions are arranged

according to the order of the statement of
the problem.
 Types of Questions:
 Open-ended – those which can be answered in
any form and length.
 Close-ended – those for which the researcher
provides a number of possible responses to
choose from.
- may include alternate response questions,
multiple choice questions, scaled opinionaire,
attitude scale using Likert’s scale, etc.
NOTE: Common questions asked for Descriptive
statistics are demographic data.
Data Management
 Data Management includes
 Data Organization - involves meaningful
organization of data into frequency
distribution or tabular form.

 Data Presentation – involves use of

statistical graphs and charts.
 Two Types of Data File / Set:
 Raw Data or Ungrouped Data – refer to
the data in the original form as they are
collected.

 Organized Data or Grouped Data – refer

to the data already systematically
organized into a frequency distribution.
 Frequency Distribution – the organization
of raw/ungrouped data in table form, using
classes and frequencies.

 Frequency – the number of values in a

specific class of distribution.
Types of Frequency Distribution
1) Categorical Frequency Distribution -
applicable for nominal and ordinal level
data.

2) Grouped Frequency Distribution -

applicable for numeric data such as
interval and ratio level data.
 For Categorical Frequency
Distribution
Construction of Categorical Frequency Distribution
- features of the table include:

Class Tally Frequency Percent

(refer to the WORD or DOCS File for

illustration.)
 For Grouped Frequency
Distribution
Features of Grouped Frequency Distribution:
1) class or class interval – specific range of
values whose frequency is obtained.
2) Class limits – values included in a given
class and include
a) lower class limit (LL) – lowest value in a given
class.
b) Upper class limit (UL) – highest value in a
given class.
 Features of Grouped Frequency
Distribution (cont’d)
5) Class boundaries – range of numerical values
that separate the classes so that there are no
gaps in the frequency distribution.
(Basic Rule: The class should have the same
decimal place value as the data, but the class
boundaries should have one additional place
value and end with 5) - refer to the board for
illustration
6) Class Midpoint (M) - middlemost value in a
given class
Where: M = (UL + LL) / 2
 Features of Grouped Frequency
Distribution (cont’d)
3) Range (R) – the difference between the highest
and lowest value in the data file/set.
Where:
R = highest value - lowest value in the raw data
4) Class size/width/length (C) - number of units of
numeric value in a given class.
Where: C = UL – LL + 1
Or : C = Range / desired number of classes
 Guidelines for classes
1) There should be between 5 and 20 classes.
2) The class width should be an odd number.
This will guarantee that the class midpoints
are integers instead of decimals.
3) The classes must be mutually exclusive. This
means that no data value can fall into two
different classes
 Guidelines for classes (cont’d)
4) The classes must be all inclusive or exhaustive.
This means that all data values must be included.
5) The classes must be continuous. There are no
gaps in a frequency distribution. Classes that
have no values in them must be included (unless
it's the first or last class which are dropped).
6) The classes must be equal in width. The
exception here is the first or last class. It is
possible to have an "below ..." or "... and above"
class. This is often used with ages.
 The Reasons for Constructing a
Frequency Distribution
1) To organize the data in a meaningful, intelligible
way.
2) To enable the reader to determine the nature or
shape of the distribution.
3) To facilitate computational procedures for
measures of average (central tendency) and
spread (dispersion) of the data set.
4) To enable the researcher to draw charts and
graphs for data presentation.
5) To enable the reader to make comparisons
among different data set.
NOTE: The Distribution. The distribution is
a summary of the frequency of individual
values or ranges of values for a variable.
This is the main concern of performing data
organization.
Construction of Grouped Frequency
Distribution
1) From the data file, determine the range.
2) Decide on the number of classes (arbitrary)
- number of classes should not be too many nor
too few (usually between 5 to 20 classes).
3) Determine the class size (C) using the range and
desired number of classes. The class size is
usually rounded-up to the nearest odd number so
that the midpoint of each classes will also be a
whole number.
 Construction of Grouped Frequency
Distribution (cont’d)
4) Set-up classes by making the lowest value
in the data file as the LL of the first or
lowest class.

5) Make a tally from the data file to complete

the grouped frequency distribution. (refer
to the WORD or DOCS file for illustration)
 Kinds of Frequencies:
 1.) Frequency, f = based on the result of usual
tally of raw data.
 2.) “less than” cumulative frequency, <f =
frequency up to but not exceeding the upper
boundary of a given class interval.
 3.) “greater than” cumulative frequency, >f =
sum of the frequencies more than the lower
boundary of a given class.
 Kinds of Frequencies:
 4.) relative frequency = frequency of a given
class divided the total frequency.
 5.) Percentage relative frequency = relative
frequency multiplied by 100 (expressed in %
value)
 Alternative Approach for
Data Organization
Using Stem-Leaf Plot:
Stem-Leaf Plot - a method of organizing data
and is a combination of sorting and
graphing.
- is a data plot that uses part of the data
value as the stem and the part of the
data value as the leaf to form
groups or classes.
Construction of a Stem-Leaf Plot
1) Arrange the raw data in order according
to magnitude.
2) Separate the data according to their digits.
(see illustration on the board)
3) Identify the stem (leading digit for each
value) and the leaf ( the trailing digits in
each value).
4) Construct the stem-leaf plot
 Example of Constucting a
Stem – Leaf Plot
Construct a Stem-leaf Plot for the following data
on Age of Movie-goers